The Evolution Of Psychology: Phychoanalysis And Cognitive Psychology

Psychology is the scientific “study of the mind” (Gross, 2015) and behaviour, which includes the study of humans and animals. There are various approaches in modern psychology. A theoretical approach is a perspective which is someone’s view about human behaviour, there can be many different theories within an approach, however they all piece together the same assumptions. (McLeod, 2007). A theory is an attempt by theorists to try to explain behaviour. Theories are not facts but can be verified by testing. Theories can then be evaluated which I aim to achieve through this essay, where I will briefly explain the theoretical approaches in psychology and aim to focus on an analysis of each perspective which consists of the psychodynamic,

Psychology is the scientific “study of the mind” (Gross, 2015) and behavior, which includes the study of humans and animals. There are various approaches in modern psychology. A theoretical approach is a perspective (view) about human behavior, there may be several different theories within an approach, but they all share these common assumptions and principles. (McLeod, 2007). A theory is an attempt by theorists to try to explain behavior. Theories are not facts but can be verified by testing. Theories can then be evaluated which I aim to do through this essay, where I will briefly explain the theoretical approaches in psychology and aim to focus on an analysis for each perspective which consist of the psychodynamic, humanist, cognitive and behavioral approaches where I will analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each approach separately.

* This paper will discuss the major schools of thought in psychology and examine their major underlying assumptions. The paper will also identify the primary biological foundations of psychology linked to behavior.

Psychology, the study of the mind and behavior, has had a tremendous impact on our world. It has changed our thinking and understanding of the behavior of those around us and of ourselves. Over the years, Psychology has had many changes and developments, and many influential people and experiments have popped up. Psychology has gone from simply blaming all behavior on Pagan gods, to studying behavior and the mind through a few different perspectives, which all view the causes of behavior in a different way. By analysis of behavior and actions, the field of Psychology has come to be our main way of determining how to heal broken mental health and help people to understand how their surroundings and thoughts influence their behavior.

In this paper I will discuss the impact that applied and behaviorist psychology has had on the field of psychology. J. R. Angell at the University of Chicago is possibly one of the most advanced of the functional psychologists, predicted that American psychology was prepared for better objectivity. In 1910, he stated that it is possible that the term consciousness would more than likely vanish from psychology, even more than the term soul had vanished (p. 209).

Coding Approach: Determines in binary terms of the individuals, groups, phenomena, and concepts (Saldana, 2013; p.115). This approach was chosen because it can be used to determine cultural values, identity, intrapersonal and interpersonal experiences.

Psychoanalytic theory- refers to the definition of personality organization and the dynamics of personality development that underlie and guide the psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapy, called psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology. First laid out by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century, psychoanalytic theory has undergone many refinements since his work. Psychoanalytic theory came to full prominence in the last third of the twentieth century as part of the flow of critical discourse regarding psychological treatments after the 1960s, long after Freud 's death in 1939. Freud had ceased his analysis of the brain and his physiological studies and shifted his focus to the study of the mind and the related psychological attributes making up the mind, and on treatment using free association and the phenomena of transference. His

Psychology is one of the core studies of the human being, which include investigating of behavior and mental processes. Many processes have to happen before one can even think a single thought. A specific stimulus through sensory organs, nerve interactions, and sorting through the brain are just a few processes that occur. Psychology is one of the most complex areas of study. In this paper, I will identify the major schools of thought and examine their major underlying assumptions as well as identifying the primary biological foundations of psychology in reference to behavior.

Laura A. King (2008). The Science of Psychology. (International ed.) Published by McGraw-Hill, New York. Page 450.

“The roots of psychology can be traced back through centuries. Cave men and cave women probably wondered why each behaved as they did. Since at least the time of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle in ancient Greece, psychological topics have inspired lively curiosity” (Bernstein, 6). In 1879, founded by Wilhelm Wundt the science of psychology was born. Since then psychology has been and always will be an ever-growing scientific field.

The field of psychology has grown and evolved in many ways since its inception over a century ago. Throughout the development of this field there have been numerous innovators of thought who are now considered founders of psychology. These founding fathers of psychology include William Wundt (who established the first laboratory dedicated to psychology), John Dewey and William James (who established functional psychology) and Sigmund

The different psychological schools of thought reflect ideas and emotions of each time period in which they developed, and yet it can be said that they still have relevant value today. Each approach to psychology –the biological, the humanistic, the cognitive, the behavioural and the psychoanalytical– all have relevance in today’s society in their own ways, as well as having distinguishing features yet similar aspects to their teachings.

Whenever we pay attention to any specific object or a person, we start perceiving all the related information about it which is used for perceiving his ability to discern others’ state for instance emotions and his traits. There has been general tradition that the perception and attention both influence the memory of a person depending upon the current thoughts and past experience related to similar situation seen by the individual. It is not necessary that the ‘attention’ which is common to all will lead to perception of the extracted information in the same way. However, it does not vary too much individual to individual because common sense perceiving of

Following this trend, Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed that there are cognitive factors that influence the varied states of emotions. They took account of the physiological-based theories such as the James-Lange Theory and the Cannon-Bard Theory. When an individual encounters a stimulating event, perception and interpretation of the stimulus follows. After perception and interpretation of the sensory information, the processed information is divided into stimulus and the context of the event, which is a specific cognitive label. The information about the stimulus triggers a general autonomic arousal. and the cognitive label causes a particular emotion to be experienced. Once an emotion is experienced, feedback occurs. This theory attributes emotional response to cognitive labelling of physiological arousal. This is knowledge production through active

He noted that persons acquire internal codes of behavior that they may or may not act upon later. Therefore, he divided learning and performance as two separate events. Learning was the acquisition on the internal symbolic representations in the form of verbal or visual codes, which could serve as guidelines for future behavior. These memory codes of observed behaviors are referred to as representational systems and divided into two types of systems, visual and verbal-conceptual. The first is concerned with abstractions of distinctive features of events instead of just mental copies; the second would be the verbal form of details for a particular procedure.