The Evolutionary Benefits Of Eukaryotic Cells

The eukaryotes have organelles within them that are surrounded by membranes; each cell have a specific job to do within the area. The eukaryotic cell membrane have the same basic structure as the plasma membrane, which surround the cell, to do with the running of the cells and play many

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. The chromosomes which are found in prokaryotes are usually spread in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells the chromosomes remain together inside the nucleus and there is a clear nuclear membrane that is surrounding the nucleus.

Nearly all animal cells have a nucleus, with the only exception being the red blood cell. The nucleus has two major functions, which are housing the DNA and controlling the cell’s activities. In the centre of the nucleus is the nucleolus. This doesn’t have a membrane, but holds itself together. In the nucleolus, ribosomes are created through the mixture of RNA and proteins. These proteins are originally found in the cytoplasm, outside the nucleus, but they travel through the pores in the nuclear envelope, through the chromatin and into the nucleolus. The structure of the nucleolus allows easy

The nucleus is enclosed in a nuclear membrane which has pores to allow RNA and proteins. The nucleus functions the activity in a plant cell and stores the plant’s DNA. (Plant Cell Anatomy, n.d.)

‘Endo’ means with in and reticulum is a complex word meaning network. There are two variations to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which are rough and smooth. The ER is a branching network which fills the cell interior; the channels are similar to the cell membrane they create passageways for transporting materials to and from different parts of the cell. Rough ER is studded with tiny black bodies known as ribosomes; they make cell protein and act as a temporary storage area. Smooth ER has no attached ribosomes and is involved in the metabolism of lipids or fats. (Studios, A. (2014).

The nucleus is crucial to the function of the cell because it holds instructions on building proteins and that is vital for the function of every part in the cell, but not only that the nucleus uses sends particular information out so that it can be made into protein. The reason that the nucleus has to send out the information out is because the DNA never leaves the nucleus ... say that the cell needs a particular protein for a certain reason, the nucleus will transcrip that information using a molecule called mRNA, and that mRNA will leave the nucleus and will be translated in the cytoplasm by the ribosomes.

If this organelle is not function well, cell would not work well or die. Nucleus provides any data or information for making or producing the proteins and enzymes. These are needed for the cell to function. Without the nucleus there would be no DNA to provide any data for producing the RNA that regulates protein synthesis and cell activity.

Eukaryotic cells contain many important organelles that have unique structures and functions that interact with each other to perform the essential activities within the cell. One of the most important organelles is the nucleus which contains the hereditary material of the cell such as the chromosomes and DNA. The nucleus also functions as a ‘brain’ or ‘control center’ of the cell by directing the activities of other organelles such as protein synthesis. Another important organelle is the plasma membrane

“All wisdom is rooted in learning to call things by the right name. When things are properly identified, they fall into natural categories and understanding becomes orderly” –Confucius. A key aspect in the diverse field of biology has always been the classification of organisms. Even before Darwin postulated his famous theory of evolution and the tree of life, systems existed to name the inhabitants of the natural world and organise them into distinct categories. As our understanding of the world changes and we delve deeper and deeper into life on a molecular level, it becomes necessary to update our techniques and question our previously held beliefs, but often these new ideas are met with resistance and controversy. One such idea is the abolishment of the prokaryote/eukaryote dichotomy, first formally proposed in 1990 by Carl Woese and colleagues (Woese, Kandler and Wheelis, 1990) and yet still unresolved in the present day.

The nucleus conducts all the activities occurring in the cell and consists of hereditary substances that is constructed of proteins and DNA. The function of the nucleus is to allow materials to properly enter and exit among the several openings in the membrane. In addition, the nucleus encloses various instructions for everything and in which is found on long, threadlike, genetic components made of DNA.

Another thing Eukaryotes have that Prokaryotes don’t is a membrane bound organelles. The DNA of Eukaryotes is more extensive and complex. The DNA of prokaryotes floats freely around the cell while the DNA of Eukaryotes is held in the nucleus. They both deal with different types of living

The nucleus is the ‘brain’ of the cell. It is a large, round organelle and is surrounded by the nuclear envelope (a double membrane). The nuclear envelope allows the exchange of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm through its large, nuclear pores. The nucleus contains DNA therefore the information to regulate the metabolism and reproduction for the cell. It also contains a dark staining area called the nucleolus. The nucleolus produces ribosomes.

While CDK- cyclin complexes guide the cell through a defined sequence of events, the cells have evolved surveillance mechanisms ( or checkpoints) that are set at various stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints can sense possible defects during DNA synthesis and chromosome segregation and halt the cell cycle through modulating of CDK-cyclin activity if the conditions for successful cell division are not met. This allows cells to properly repair those defects, thus preventing their transmission to the resulting daughter cells.

Both bacterial nucleoid and eukaryotic nucleus are area where genetic information such as DNA or RNA is store. However, the bacterial nucleoid is not a membrane bound organelle like the eukaryotic nucleus. The nucleoid is just a region in the bacterial cell’s cytoplasm that contain the genetic materials. The DNA in bacteria and other prokaryote differ from eukaryote in that the prokaryotic DNA is circular and contains only one origin of replication. Eukaryotic DNA are linear and contains multiple origin of replication. Since there is no nuclear envelope in bacteria cells, both transcription and translation happens in the cytosol. In eukaryotic cells, the presence of a nuclear envelope compartmentalized DNA transcription within the nucleus.

Introns are nucleotide sequences universal amongst the Eukarya domain. Reconstructive models of maximum parsimony and likelihood suggest introns were present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) (Csuros, 2005) and have since been gained, lost, and adapted to a multitude of functions by separate lineages; any degree of intron conservation in modern eukaryotes is suggestive of function, despite appearing to exist solely for removal. Although they possess many valuable roles this does not explain the ubiquity of introns within eukaryotic genomes. To understand their widespread presence despite their apparent deleterious effects it is necessary to discern the evolutionary origins and conditions which impelled their prevalence. Structural