The Expectations Of Morality And Actions

Chapter 2- Obscura Obscura talks about Stanley Milgram and his experiments on obedience to authority. The purpose of this experiment was to study how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person. He was interested in how ordinary people could be easily influenced into committing atrocities, like the Germans in World War II. Milligram selected subjects for his experiments through newspaper advertising for male participants to take part in his study. At the beginning of the experiment the subjects were introduce to another participant, who was actually a part of Milgram’s team.

The members of the Reserve Police Battalion 101 were influenced and conditioned in a general way and filled in particular with a sense of their own superiority and racial relationship. The aspect of Jewish inferiority, peer pressure and sense of duty therefore turned many of the police battalion into murderers. Browning suggests that given the same or similar circumstances, a similar number of ordinary men would experience the same results.

Throughout history mankind has blindly followed rules. People have followed orders from authority only because they were qualified. In the Milgram experiment, ordinary people administered the highest shock to a victim that would surely have killed him. Shirley Jackson writes a story of people following old traditions without questioning them. Through the use of structure, symbolism, and theme, Shirley Jackson infers the risk of blindly following traditions.

Milgram's most famous experiment, rooted his knowledge of Nazi war crimes and groupthink, involved orchestrating an environment in which seemingly ordinary people were encouraged to administer what they believed to be fatal electric shocks to other experimental subjects (who were really Milgram's confederates). "The overwhelming majority complied, and roughly 65 per cent of subjects continued to administer shocks up to the maximum of 450 volts despite the apparent screams of pain from their victim," results that have been replicated cross-culturally (Russell 2009). In a similar experiment which replicated Milgram's findings, seminarians were unwilling to help someone in physical distress when instructed to hurry from one building to another to deliver a moral sermon (Russell 2009).

Browning uses the evidence that the men in the Reserve Police Battalion 101 murdered Jews, but they committed these acts but were not made to do so, as there is no evidence that there were punishments for refusing to participate. Browning offers the explanation for this by applying sociological and psychological theories which consider why the German people may have felt compelled to partake in the killings, Browning is able to question why the men in the Reserve Police Battalion 101 took part in the killings, despite there being no punishment for not taking part.

suggests that on a global scale, unique societies fail to share the same evaluative language when

Stanley Milgram conducted one of the most controversial psychological experiments of all time: the Milgram Experiment. Milgram was born in a New York hospital to parents that immigrated from Germany. The Holocaust sparked his interest for most of his young life because as he stated, he should have been born into a “German-speaking Jewish community” and “died in a gas chamber.” Milgram soon realized that the only way the “inhumane policies” of the Holocaust could occur, was if a large amount of people “obeyed orders” (Romm, 2015). This influenced the hypothesis of the experiment. How much pain would someone be willing to inflict on another just because an authority figure urged them to do so? The experiment involved a teacher who would ask questions to a concealed learner and a shock system. If the learner answered incorrectly, he would receive a shock. Milgram conducted the experiment many times over the course of 2 years, but the most well-known trial included 65% of participants who were willing to continue until they reached the fatal shock of 450 volts (Romm, 2015). The results of his experiment were so shocking that many people called Milgram’s experiment “unethical.”

The link between morality and human nature has been a progressive reoccurring theme since ancient times (Prinz, 2008). Moral development is a characteristic of a person’s general development that transpires over the course of a lifetime. Moral development is derived by a wide variety of cultural and demographic factors that appear to influence morally relevant actions. Turiel (2006) defined morality as an individuals “prescriptive judgments of justice, rights, and welfare pertaining to how people ought to relate to each other.” Individuals’ moral judgments are frequently considered to be a product of culturally specific controls that provide a framework for behavioral motivations that are sensitive to the effects of gender, education, religion and politics (Banerjee, Huebner & Hauser, 2010). While several approaches have been utilized to examine the interaction of multivariate contributors to fundamental moral differences such as: disputes about family life, sexuality, social fairness, and so on, research has suggested that ideological considerations have provided a potent and diverse explanation for the polarization of contrasting views (Weber & Federico, 2013).

At eighteenth century, the cost of increasing development of capitalism is anomie: people chasing material life insanely even sacrifice others’ benefits. Because of this, Adam Smith, a successful philosopher and economist, released that the original morality principle was not suitable for that society anymore, and it needed to build another new theory system to suit the developing society. He wrote two masterpieces that proposed his ideas: The Theory of Moral Sentiments, which discusses the human development by analysing the human emotion, and The Wealth of Nations, which summarises the development of capitalism and it is also a foundation for today’s economy. This essay will analyse the self-interest, plays as a motivator role in morality and economy field, and benefits the development in that society. Moreover, will suggest some limitations of Smith’s idea.

Would you describe a dog as capable of being evil? Or a cat? Or a chimpanzee? Most likely you could not. We humans belong to the taxonomic kingdom of Animalia and are therefore animals. Our species has evolved from animals that looked and acted more like the modern chimpanzee than we do. So at what point did we go from being creatures of instinct do developing the concept of morality? A great deal of literature has been written about morality, examples of which can be located in fiction and non-fiction as well as in scientific, theological and philosophical fields. Specific examples include the bible, as well as the writings of Plato (c. 424-348 BCE), Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) and John Steinbeck (1902-1968). Morality is a trait that

Obedience and Disobedience has been a part of key moments in history. Many have studied forms of obedience to learn how it affects people and situations. For example, Stanley Milgram conducted a well-known experiment in which the subject, named the “teacher” must shock the “learner” every time he doesn’t remember a word pair from a memory test. The focus of this study is on the teacher, and whether they will administer killing shocks when told to by an authority figure. Another well-known experiment is the Stanford Prison Experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo. A group of college boys were separated into two groups, prison guards and prisoners, and were put

Contending in unconscious morality keeps a person from the truth, and stubbornly unteachable. Like people who seek after aliens Sasquatch's, ghost or use familiar Spirits, deny gender, believe what's right is wrong and what's wrong is right are where the aliens in spacecraft want you to be. The reason is these aliens know the truth and if they keep your thinking on anything other than God, they can keep you from the truth. Negative and positive energies in words produce physical and emotional results from what you say. Every letter in every word transforms to light energy a kinetic energy, every word thought of forms individual letters until the word forms itself. Each letter a golden white light sure and fast comes to you from out of

The Milgram experiment was conducted in 1963 by Stanley Milgram in order to focus on the conflict between obedience to authority and to personal conscience. The experiment consisted of 40 males, aged between 20 and 50, and who’s jobs ranged from unskilled to professional. The roles of this experiment included a learner, teacher, and researcher. The participant was deemed the teacher and was in the same room as the researcher. The learner, who was also a paid actor, was put into the next room and strapped into an electric chair. The teacher administered a test to the learner, and for each question that was incorrect, the learner was to receive an electric shock by the teacher, increasing the level of shock each time. The shock generator ranged from

Morality and ethical behaviour within the human population is vital in order to conceive a healthy society. Although throughout history, morals and ethics have been used interchangeably, they are in fact not one in the same. Morality is within oneself and develops over a period of time as a result of meeting and resolving moral issues as they come forth, whereas ethics is essentially a moral compass, or a set of rules one follows throughout the course of their life (Crebert, Patrick, Cragnolini, 2004). From a personal perspective, I believe each individual has several distinguishing moral codes they live by, even if they may not distinctly know it. I personally have several moral foundations that I live by, including transparency,

The statement claims that no question can ever be neutral. This means that all questions are leading questions, that we always have a notion of the knowledge we find. The definition of ‘neutral’ in the English dictionary is: ‘not supporting either side in a conflict, disagreement: impartial’1. It means being detached and impersonal to situations, questions or judgements. Mathematics, as an area of knowledge is said to be a subject that already exists in the natural world, only that we discover its marvellous phenomena rather than invent them. The discoveries may require neutrality in our thinking, but the proofs need prior knowledge, because each formula is built from an aggregate of different unique formulas. In the same way, in ethics,