The Experimental And Analytical Studies

Purpose: To become familiar with the International System of Units and common laboratory equipment and techniques. To learn how to determine volume, mass, length, and temperature of a wide variety of items. To learn how to calculate density and concentration of dilutions.

C. An unknown, rectangular substance measures 3.6 cm high, 4.21 cm long, and 1.17 cm wide.

To begin with, in construction, the use of CFRP helps strengthen large structures with little material used. In research done by Sungnam Hong, he explored the effects of CFRP on RC columns. According to Hong, reinforced concrete beams strengthened with CFRP showed noticeable improvements in their strength (Hong 435). In this study, it proved that sheets of CFRP worked better than plates. These plates are just what they sound like: a plate of CFRP rather than being formed into sheets. Also, they can sometimes be doubled to increase the strength while still being thinner than a pencil. In another study done on the strength utilization percentage of

As stated, our solvent in this lab will be tert-butanol. We start by recording the freezing point of this substance without anything added. Then, we add various

Hold the grating several inches from your face, at an angle. Look at the grating that you will be using. Describe what you see at the grating surface.

The overall purpose of the lab is to have the students practice designing an experiment, gathering data, and then analyzing that data to form a conclusion using the scientific method. It also served to understand key terms such as hypothesis, dependent variable, and independent variable. The specific objective of this lab is to determine whether certain human body parts experience allometric or isometric growth. Allometric growth defines when certain parts of an organism grow at unequal rates in comparison to its whole, while isometric growth is when all parts of an organism grow at the same rate in comparison to the entire organism. The specific purpose of the lab is to determine whether or not specific human body parts experience allometric or isometric growth by comparing the ratios of height to two specific body parts, in the students’ case the right hand length and head circumference, in students and newborns. The students formulated the tentative answer that if a team of four compared their height to right hand length ratio, as well as, their height to head circumference ratio, to those of a newborn’s, then the students will discover that the right hand and head experience allometric growth in humans.

When reinforced concrete columns are axially loaded, the reinforcement steel and concrete experiences stresses. When the loads are high compared to cross-sectional area of the column, the steel and concrete reach the yield stress and column fails without undergoing any lateral deformation. The concrete column is crushed and collapse is due to the material

Ultrasonic is the universally accepted technique to study the physico-chemical properties of the liquids, liquid mixtures, electrolytic solutions and polymeric solutions. Liquids, liquid-mixtures and solutions find wide applications in medical, pharmaceutical, chemical, lather, textile, nuclear and solvent, solution related industries. The study and understanding of the thermodynamic properties of liquid mixtures and solutions are more essential for their applications in these industries. The measurements of ultrasonic velocity in the combination of density and viscosity have been used to study the molecular interactions in liquid mixtures and solutions.

Concrete is one of the essential component of public infrastructure and most buildings. It can only be more effective if we used reinforcement with it, because tensile strength without reinforcement is very low. It usually get cracked with time as it is brittle in property. There are some more causes of these cracks are shrinkage, inadequate water for hydration… etc. these cracks causes reinforcement exposes to atmosphere now reinforcement come into contact of O2 & H2O. That can cause corrosion which results in weaken of structure. That being said concrete is a high maintenance material. Concrete cracks and suffer wear and tear. Concrete is not as much flexible that it can handle significant amount of strain.

The report will mainly focus on the differences between reinforced, prestressed and partially stressed concrete. These concrete reinforcing methods differ in the period they have been used. Reinforced concrete was developed by a nursery owner in Paris in 1867, Joseph Monier, applying it to practical use for the first time (Salmon & Wang, 2007). Prestressed concrete’s discovery dates back to the late 1800’s. Freyssinet was one of the first engineers who used this method and realised that, for this method, high quality concrete with very high tensile steel wires, stressed as high as possible was needed (Chris Burgoyne, 2005).

There is a strong correlation between the compressive strength and other mechanical properties of concrete (Neville, 1996, Mehta and Monterio, 2005). Compressive strength is used as an index of flexural strength, tensile strength and shear strength of concrete. The flexure strength or modulus of rupture of normal concrete is approximately 7.5 to 10 times the square root of the compressive strength. Similarly, the tensile strength is about 8 to 12% of the compressive strength and is often estimated as 5 to 7.5 times the square root of the compressive strength. The shear strength of concrete is about 20% of the compressive strength (PCA, 1988). These correlations between compressive strength and flexure, tensile and shear strength varies with concrete ingredients and environment.

In fact, the majority of available studies have concentrated largely on small cross-section dimensioned columns with a section aspect ratio of less than 2.0. The width and depth of their cross-sectional dimensions were varied in the range between 100 mm and 300 mm. In addition, the studies have greatly focused on smaller scale columns of typically 300 to 500 mm in height. However, Tan (2002) developed a monotonic model to assess the strength enhancement of FRP confined half scale rectangular columns with a section aspect ratio of about 3.65, representing only columns in the monolithic housing apartments. Of the few papers published to data on cyclically loaded plain concrete columns, Abbasnia et al. (2013) investigated the cyclic stress-strain behavior of 12 FRP-confined unreinforced concrete prisms of size 120×180×300 mm (aspect ratio 1.50), and 90×180×300 mm (aspect ratio 2.0). The earlier research conducted by Hany et al. (2015) has included both experimental and analytical approaches for investigating and predicting the axial stress-strain behavior of unreinforced concrete specimens of size 140×180×500 mm (aspect ratio 1.28), and 130×200×500 mm (aspect ratio 1.54). Such small size specimens may be stiffer than to be strengthened with FRP-techniques (Pessiki et al. 2001).

Abstract – This paper presents an experimental investigation on the behavior and strength of reinforced concrete slabs with lap splice of tension reinforcement using headed bars. Nine simply supported concrete one-way slabs were tested to study the effect of lap splices length, confinement at the splice zone, debonding of bars in the splice zone, and applying repeated gradually increasing cyclic loading. It was found that implementation of lap splice length as stated by ACI 318-14 for headed bars, but without adding confinement in the splice zone, and using cut-off ratio equal to 100%, resulted in a brittle failure of the slab and the ductility was reduced. When the tested slabs were provided with confinement in the splice zone, the strength of slabs was improved and ductility of these slabs was remarkably increased. Additionally, the integrity of the lap joint was preserved when subjected to repeated gradually increasing cyclic loading.

Pre-cast pre-stressed double-tee girders are considered as an essential element of modern infrastructure used to construct civil project worldwide. These girders can be found in under-strengthlevel because of the local damages and developed cracks as the result of collision due to transportation and mishandling. Therefore, it is very important to find out an efficient retrofitting technique in order to restore the lost capacity and/or even outperform it. The current paper presentsa field tests up to collapse forthree actual-size pre-cast pre-tensioned double-tee (DT) girders having different levels of damage retrofitted using Externally Bonded Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (EB-CFRP) technique. The girder stems for two of them were strengthened in flexure using uni-directional U–shaped CFRP sheets, while all girders were shear-strengthened at the dapped-ends. Each girder was loaded incrementally up to collapse using concrete Jersey Barriers, at the meantime, the deflections of the girder and developed strains on both concrete surface and the CFRP sheets were recorded at each increment. Test results assured the adequacy of the adopted strengthening configurations from both ultimate capacity and ductility viewpoints. It addition, the flexural resistance showed reasonable results compared to the analytical design resistance recommended by ACI 440.2R-08.

In the discussion of high performance concrete role played by FRC is vital. FRC is defined as a composite material which consists of conventional concrete reinforced by randomly dispersed short length fibres of specific geometry, made up of steel, synthetic material or natural fibres. The fibres are distributed evenly throughout the mix without balling or clustering. The randomly oriented fibres help to bridge and arrest the cracks. As such, crack widening is gradual as compared to plain concrete. This leads to better