The Experimental Farm And Tissue Culture Laboratory Of Genetics Department

For one of the monohybrid crosses you performed in this Investigation, describe how to use the phenotype ratios to determine

Calculate the ratios of the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring in the F1 generation.

For this experiment, 3 best slides were used as a control and then as with drug. After measuring the rate from growth medium slide, drug was then added to the same slide. So, control is used as comparison. Moreover, drug concentration and growth medium concentrations were consistent each other. In order to achieve the results, hyphae tip was measured for every minute for 10 minute on 10x bright field microscopy; and nuclei position was measured every minute for 5 minutes on 10x fluorescent microscopy. The data then

Please explain what inbreeding is and why it is important to limit this effect in conservation programs.

In the case of a seed multiplication plant for cereals and other large crop bases where seed

Cultivation of wheat started around 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic Revolution when hunter-gatherer lifestyle transitioned into agriculture-based society. The first cultivated wheats were einkorn (Triticum urartu), with diploid AA genome, and emmer wheat (T. turgidum L. subspecies dicoccum, traditionally known as T. dicoccum), with tetraploid AABB genome (Dvorak et al. 1998; Dvořák et al. 1993; Gopher 2002; Harlan and Zohary 1966). Hexaploid wheat appeared around 9000 years ago when tetraploid wheat underwent crosses with Aegilops tauschii, with diploid DD genome, to give hexaploid wheat (Salamini et al. 2002; Feldman 2001).

The application of genetic markers together with traditional breeding techniques has enhanced the selection of crops with targeted traits. In conventional marker-assisted selection, an estimated value would be assigned to a region of the genome that is identified by using molecular markers, which then would be used in selection. The exploration of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for different traits has been a major area of study in wheat breeding for many years. The population size, the amount of markers being used, and the analysis techniques for wheat traits have evolved over time (Shah et al., 1999; Breseghello and Sorrells, 2006; Maccaferri et al., 2010). With a higher resolution than traditional bi-parental QTL mapping, the association mapping analysis (AA) makes use of high-throughput genotyping in complex populations to identify markers that are closely linked to QTL (Yu and Buckler, 2006). In wheat, AA was reported to successfully detect QTLs responsible for traits such as FHB resistance, Stagonospora nodorum bloth resistance, leaf rust response, milling quality, and more than 20 other agronomic traits (Breseghello and

Genetic diversity is the variation of heritable characteristics in genetic makeup present in a population of the same species i.e. variation in the nucleotides, genes, chromosomes, or whole genomes of organisms. The species with greater genetic diversity has a chance of long time survival. Knowledge of diversity in a germplasm is very important for the improvement of crop plants through breeding program (Hallauer and Miranda Filho 1988). Assessment of genetic diversity is essential to understand the relationship among and within the landraces, as well as their genetic structure. It is also valuable for setting priorities for genetic conservation, parental selection and as a source of favorable traits.

After sufficient growing time, the number and color of the seeds were collected. The last step of

Over the 7 day period, the graph effectively shows that the barley treated by the Miracle Gro germinated at a much higher rate than the water only treatment. Having a ratio of 1:2, 1:3, and 1:2 with its respective days, it displays how effective the fertilizer was in germinating the seed.

The 20 wheat seedlings was the sample size used in each of the five treatments, see Table 1. Among those 10 unpaired t-tests two out of the 10, Test 5 (Shoot length 1XCM vs 4XCM) and Test 6 (Seedling biomass Water vs 1XCM) had actual p-values greater than 0.05 (see Table 1). The calculated t-values for the previously mentioned two t-tests were lower than the critical t-value, 2.024 (see Table 1). For shoot length (cm), the trend shows mean shoot length to increase with increasing concentration of nutrient treatment until 3XCM, where the mean and standard deviation is at its greatest (x̅= 27.945cm±5.605cm) and drops slightly at 4XCM (see Figure 1). The pattern of the mean biomass (g), increases up to treatment 2XCM (x̅=0.2275g±0.0488g) at which mean values begin to decline a slight degree afterwards (see Figure 2).

The objective is to use statistical evidence from the rye seeds to help determine whether different nutrients medium affect plant growth. The rye seeds will be analyzed by determining the shoot biomass and shoot length for each of the five treatments (1) control: full nutrient complement; (2) Nitrogen deficient (full complement minus N); (3) Phosphorus deficient (full complement minus P); (4) Potassium deficient (full complement minus K) and (5) water. The factors, shoot biomass and length that are determined will be significant for finding the cause of length.

To test for differences in seed germination, plant survival to reproduction and pollen viability between

For example, with the advancement of season one materials into season two, season one will be repeated. Similarly, at the beginning of season three, procedures started during seasons two and one will also be repeated, and so on. Therefore, it will take four seasons to completely populate all phases of the new organic focused small grain breeding programs. For some promising crosses single seed descent (SSD) will be used to quickly develop homozygous lines that will be selected, and seed along to enter them into preliminary yield trials (PYT).

The chemical and reagents used for the extraction and quantitation of DNA were: Plant DNAzol (0.3ml/0.1g), 100% ethanol (100%: 0.225 ml/0.1 g, 75%: 0.3 ml/0.1 g), Chloroform (0.3 ml/0.1 g), Plant DNAzol-ethanol solution: Plant DNAzol, 100% ethanol (1:0.75 v/v), TE buffer (10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA pH 8.0), 1.2% agarose gel (Agarose, 1X TAE buffer), 6X loading buffer (glycerol, Tris/EDTA pH 8.0, ethidium bromide), .25X TAE buffer, Restriction enzymes and Restriction endonuclease buffers. All the chemicals used were quality grade. The restriction