The Extraction of Pectin from Orange Peels

Over the course of our lives we’re exposed to a myriad of natural and unnatural toxins including smoke, exhaust, dirt, dust, microscopic airborne particles, pesticides, fungicides, germicides, preservatives, additives, heavy metals, and other substances, all of which enter our bodies through our mouth, nose, skin, eyes and ears. Unless you live in a vacuum there’s really no way to avoid lifelong exposure.

8th. Details of the project can be found on Canvas. This project is to be completed in groups of 4 to 6

Procedure: Filled each test tube with substances provided and subjected them to various conditions. These conditions included, heat, cold water, hot water, acid and basic additions and tested on litmus paper. The reactions were observed and documented at each step.

The researcher would like to thank the following people who help and give guidance to make this project

3.8.6. The influence of some metal ions and some chemical compounds on the purified pectinase activity:

I would also like to thank my family and friends for their endless support and for always providing me with the encouragement to continue working when times were difficult.

Thirdly, nobody has been more important to me in the pursuit of this project than the members of my family. I would like to thank my parents, whose love and guidance are with me in whatever I pursue. They are the ultimate

With an auto-pipet, 400 l of cyclohexanone was placed into a large sample vial. 1000 l of methanol was added with the cyclohexanone. The sample vial was then capped and the solution was swirled gently. In the hood, 1200 l of sodium borohydride reducing solution was added to the solution by adding it in dropwise. The solution was then swirled and vented occasionally for 25 minutes. After letting it sit and swirling the solution, 4.0 ml of cold dilute hydrochloric acid (1 M HCl) was added into the mixture using a calibrated pipet. The aqueous mixture was extracted with the use of three 2.0 ml portions of methylene chloride. With each addition, the mixture was capped, shook gently, ventilated, and given time for the layers to separate. 2013 mg

To my parents Antonio & Shilma Morales and to my siblings, my motivation for this humble work is a sign of my love for you all.

At the outset I would like to express my thanks and gratitude to my distinguished professor for her efforts with me and wish her more health and success.

I would like to thank a special resident who has been there for me since I started working at henry ford village. Jim Martin was one of the first residents I have met while I was training. Every time I see him he always manages to put a smile on my face. He is a kind hearted, lovable man who even took the time to read my essay and give me feedback. You cannot get this kind of treatment anywhere else than HFV. I also want to thank my family who believed in me and support me every single day. I would like to thank my best friend and my right side brain Zeinab Hassan who because of her I work at such a great place. I would also want to thank a special person in my life who always believed in me when I lose faith in myself. Who also motivates me to try my best and never give up you know who you are. Lastly I want to thank the Wagner family from the bottom of my heart for helping me reach a stage where I can proudly hold up this scholarship as a mark of my achievement. . I appreciate everything this place has done for me, and one day because of your help I will be able to give back and pay it forward. I sincerely thank each one of you .On behalf of all the students working to overcome financial difficulties to achieve their dreams, I would like to thank you again for all that you are doing.Your generosity truly makes a

7 screw cap test tubes were labeled as 0µmol/L, 1.5µmol/L, 2.5µmol/L, 3.5µmol/L, 4.5µmol/L, 5.5µmol/L and 6.5µmol/L. Then, 0µL, 75µL, 125µL, 175µL, 225µL, 275µL and 325µL volume of 0.1mM MDA stock solution was orderly added into screw cap test tubes. 2.0mL of 1% TBA was added into screw cap test tubes. Distilled water was added into screw cap test tubes until total volume reached 5.0mL. They were mixed on whirl mixer. Then, they were wormed on a block heater at 100˚c for 30 minutes. After, they were allowed to cool in cold water for 5minutes. 7 centrifuged tubes were labeled as 0µmol/L, 1.5µmol/L, 2.5µmol/L, 3.5µmol/L, 4.5µmol/L, 5.5µmol/L and 6.5µmol/L. Then, the contents were orderly transferred to centrifuge tubes. They were centrifuged

A total of 2-mL of glacial acetic acid was added to the vial. Three drops of concentrated H2SO4 and a boiling chip were added to the vial. The vial was attached to a clamp and rested in a sand bath that ranged between 150-160°C. A cold, damp kim wipe was placed around the tip of the vial to act as a condenser. The mixture was refluxed for one hour. Once the hour passed, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the sand bath was turned off. After the boiling chip was removed from the vial, 1-mL of 5% sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) was slowly added to the reaction mixture, capped and swirled. The vial was shaken to mix the contents and the cap was removed to release the pressure. This was repeated until the bubbles were no longer produced. A Pasteur pipet was used to remove the aqueous layer which was disposed in a test tube labeled “Aqueous Layer”. The extraction of the upper organic layer was repeated two more times with new 1-mL portions of 5% NaHCO3, placing the aqueous layer in the labeled test tube each

Initially, I would like to express gratitude my supervisor Anup for all his important support and guidance throughout the year. His advice and academic experience was a huge help to me.

At first I want to express gratitude to the Almighty Allah for his endless kindness to give me the chance to work under tremendous supervision of my honorable teacher Dr. Arshad M. Chowdhury to give me the opportunity to work on an enormous task.