The Factors Of The Great Fog Of 1952

By limiting the amount of pollution will diminish the risk of health problems caused by these toxins. Now many industries have gotten involved with a technique called carbon trading in which those with high pollution releases buy the rights to pollute from others with low amounts of releases. This is a controversial approach to reduce pollution because it allows unnecessary amounts of pollution to be released. If companies chose to sell their rights, what they sell would not have been used in the first place; now they will be used by companies who can afford to purchase them. It is extremely expensive to purchase these rights, however some major companies can do so.

Pollution is a major issue in many communities. It affects the local population and the number of people moving to the area, in addition to the potential workforce. If externalities result in an unsafe community, it will result in fewer residents and less economic growth. Government controls on pollution is very effective if patrolled. Many regulations are not monitored, thus companies often find ways to avoid the regulations. Government officials need to

Big businesses and factories are built in area that are generally affected by poverty, because those living there either do not know about the effects, or they can’t do anything about it with the state of wealth that they are in. These factories are putting out, harmful gases and little particles that are just wafting around the area, being breathed in the lungs of people around them. Not only are we polluting the air, soil, and water in the areas of these factories, but we are poisoning our people, along with other evolutionary effects that we might not know about for

In this paper, I will be outlining the costs and benefits of social and technological fixes, and then I will be assessing the use of social and technological fixes of air pollution through the use of automobiles.

On Friday, December 5th, 1952, a smog rolled into London, England, that later would be known as the Great Smog of 1952. The smog was formed by a deadly combination of a dense fog and sooty black coal smoke. The smog caused the temperature to drop, so people put more coal on their fires causing more smoke. It became so dark that some said they couldn’t see their feet. The smog did not disperse until Tuesday, December 9th, 1952, but by then at least four thousand people died, and many more were suffering from respiratory problems.

The result is an unfair distribution of impacts that does not maximize social surplus. Weimer and Vining call externalities a “missing market” (p. 92). It is feasible to imagine externalities being accounted for by a private market, in cases where, for example, an externality is manifested into a change in land value. However, these cases are exceptional. Governmental must typically step in to value externalities, such as charging fines for polluting industry, in order to account for social costs and benefits.

In conclusion, the consumption of cars creates both positive and negative externalities. However the negative externalities it is more than its positive externalities so producers tend to overvalue and over produce. The government tries to intervene by imposing taxes on the production of cars. However this is not usually effective as the imposion of taxes depends on the elasticity of the product.The demand of cars is not price elastic.

One environmental pollution are caused by factories because the product they produce causes the filth out of them. This could be the car production or agricultural production. America produces a lot of cars for all the people to drive. More cars makes more carbon dioxide (filth) which causes deaths, health problems and global warming. Perhaps we can switch to a different energy source to power these vehicles.

The abundance of pollution mixed with the heavy fog, made it toxic. Also, the reason so many people died is because the government did not take action until it was too late. “...was the worst air pollution crisis in European history” (Christopher). Not to mention, the cold winter days made more people burn more coal to keep warm. This put more smoke in the air. London was very populated, so there was also a lot of pollution from factories and businesses. The London officials did not give much warning because they did not think the smog was dangerous. Even when more and more people

The 1966 New York City smog (November 23–26) was an air-pollution event, with damaging levels of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, smoke, and haze. Coming during the Thanksgiving holiday weekend, it was the third major smog in New York City, after a similar event in 1953 (pictured) and another in

In early December of 1952, London England was hit with a cold front. The mixture of the previous warm November air and the current cold weather created a fog that rested throughout the city. During this time of year, cold weather was not unexpected due to it being the winter season, but it did cause many civilians to increase their heating in their homes. Due to an increase in coal burning by civilian homes and by the everyday factories in London, the abundance of smoke lingered in the air and was unable to escape into the atmosphere because it was caught by an inversion. “An inversion prevented the smoke from the coal burning in London's homes, plus London's usual factory emissions, from escaping into the atmosphere. The fog and smoke combined into a rolling, thick layer of smog” (Rosenberg, “The Great London Smog 1952”). The factory emissions mixed with the fog created a yellowish smog that smelled like rotten eggs. On December 5, 1952 the thick smog fell over the city leaving everyone blind. The smog lasted for the duration of five days and had a tremendous impact on the environment. This event is now known as The Great Smog of London 1952.

(C) Externalities -- Companies produce some type of external cost that affects the community. The company would not voluntarily reduce or

Consequently there was a great deal of air-pollution due to the factories. The smog from the factories pollution was common in winter and big cities like London and Manchester had smog clouds in winter. Smog clouds were so thick you could barely see twenty yards in front of yourself. The

There are also solutions to a positive externality. That is to get the decision maker to internalize the external effect. The difference with this and the negative externality is that with the negative externality they would have to try to get the decision maker to see higher costs and with the positive externality the government needs to somehow make the decision more appealing to the private decision-maker.

(i)Tax penalties or legal punishments to limit the production or consumption of a good. e.g. outlawing pollution