The Field Of Criminology: Early Eighteenth-Century

This essay will introduce two competing perspectives of policing, they are the orthodox and revisionist perspectives. This essay will then relate the orthodox and revisionist perspectives to the themes of lack of structure, industrialisation and finally hostility. It will then discuss whether the creation of the Metropolitan Police by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 was an effective solution to the changes within society as well as the challenges brought about through crime and disorder. The orthodox view is that the Metropolitan Police were, in fact, a rational decision made to adapt to the needs of the society. They argue that the establishment of the ‘new’ police was inevitable. The revisionist view would state that the ‘new’ police were not a rational decision. They believed that crime and disorder were not increasing, it was just that the ways of counting crime were largely different to previously. The revisionists also believe that the new system was in part beneficial for which to tackle issues that may have occasioned due to the new ‘dangerous class’ (Monkkonen, 1981, p147). In this essay, there will be reference made to the Brixton Riots in 1981 with a clear explanation as to how the orthodox and revisionist perspectives relate to modern policing activities.

In the 1600’s community volunteers began to form and were referred to as, “the watch night committee”, however, these watches were also conducted during the day time as well. These committees composed of the locals were formed to catch runaway slaves, thieves, and men trying to evade military duty, and were not always successful in their efforts to control or minimize crime (Potter, Gary 2013). In the 1800’s Sir Robert Peel, a highly educated lawyer and son of a wealthy cotton mill owner laid the foundation and is responsible for, “The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829. Peel laid the foundations of a modern professional police force. This act established the London police force, whose members were called, "Peelers" or "Bobbies"(Sir Robert Peel 2004). Shortly after Peel established the London police force the United States

Robert Peel is probably the most influential name associated with modern day policing. In the year of 1829, he formed the first modern metropolitan police department which the modern day police were known as “Peelers,” or “Bobbies.” He set up principles, which are called Peel’s Principles of Law Enforcement that have influenced that has set the foundation to how to keep the safety of fellow citizens as well as justice for actions. These nine principles set up what he envisioned the metropolitan police to stand for and he wanted people to mold themselves to the conformity of the nine principles.

Starting In 1829, Sir Robert Peel began developing his theory of policing. These nine principles are as relevant today as they were in the 1800's. Peel established the Metropolitan Police when he served as Home Secretary of England. Since Sir Robert Peel introduced his principles of policing in the early 1800's, our country has continued to follow his ideas of effective policing. Community policing is based on Peel's concept of prevention.

There were many men and woman who made significant contributions to law enforcement and policing but Robert Peel and August Vollmer are some of the most well-known men. Through all of the people who built the law enforcement system the term general service law enforcement agencies is defines by Walker and Katz as agencies that regularly engage in preventing crime, investigation crimes and apprehending criminals, maintaining order, and providing other services. In the United States, police began in 1838 and officers had no real training, education or procedures but that did not last forever with the help of Robert Peel and August Vollmer.

Sir Robert Peel had a huge impact on England, American, and the world policing. He is also known as the father of modern policing. In 1829 Peel persuaded the Parliament of England to create the London Metropolitan Police, which is now recognized as the first modern police force. Peel created three elements he incorporated into London Metropolitan Police. First was mission. The mission was crime prevention and what can be done to prevent crime from happening. The second was strategy. Peel created a strategy to that he had hope would deter crime. The third was organizational structure. Peel set up hierarchical organization, a standard uniform, ran designations to police officers, and a chain of command similar to the military’s (Walker & Katz, 2011).

Classical Criminology The classical school of criminology was around in the eighteenth century. It came abount in a time when the previous dominent spiritual look at defining crime and criminal behaviour was being challenged by a newer naturalistic approach of the social

Sir Robert Peel is known in the books as the founder of the first form of an English police department: the London Metropolitan Police. This was after his London Metropolitan Police Act passed in 1829, giving greater power to the English police force and establishing what he is known for today. Peels ideas were very well defined and offered a lot to policing even up to modern day. To understand the impact of this, we must take a look at Peel's act, and know how it would change policing.

The crime-control implications for this perspective are basically based upon creating effective punishment to eliminate crime. These measures must be humane and adhere to human rights to successfully keep criminals from committing the

In 1829, Peel succeeded in having the London Metropolitan Act passed by the parliament and this led to a creation of a 3,200-member professional police forces which replaced various law enforcement systems existing in London at the time (Goff 2017, pg.152). One of their key responsibilities was to serve the public by dealing with their situations by preventing and detecting any crime. This approach of policing was based on the policing by public consent, which meant that the police act for their citizens, and not over them. The public accepted this idea of modern policing, which was the right of the police to maintain law and order. This approach of policing became so well-known, that it spread to countries like Canada, the United States, and Australia.

The earlier development of the law enforcement was developed by a man named Sir Robert Peel also known as the “Father of Modern Policing” (Bennett & Hess, 2007). He was born February 5, 1788 in Chamber Hall near Bury in Lancashire (Bloy, n.d.). He was the one who greatly influenced and set forth the fundamental principles of the police force. He developed an organized force called the London Metropolitan Police in 1829 that protected the people who were victimized due to high unemployment, poverty, and crime. An organization is “an artificial structure created to coordinate either people or groups and resources to achieve a mission or goal” (Bennett & Hess, 2007). The police’s goal is to protect and serve their community. Although the term of a police officer is mixed up with a peace officer “all police officers are peace officers, but all peace officers are not police officers” (Walker & Katz, 2011). The principles that Sir Robert Peel set for the police include:

As a result, he dove into the state of criminal law and began investigating immediately. One of the very intelligent techniques Peel used while he was in office was to research and learn about the subject he was currently working on so he would have more knowledge on the subject and make his case clearer to the House of Commons. Robert passed eight pieces of legislation from 1822 and 1827. Therefore, he changed criminal law forever. Also, Mr. Peel repealed more than 200 statutes that were said to be “outdated.” In early 1822, he suggested the idea that a House of Commons Select Committee be assembled in order to oversee the London police. Unfortunately, the proposal was rejected because a system could not be created in a free society. Robert Peel was not pleased with this action and continued successfully to make it happen. The Metropolitan Police Force was created in

In this essay, I will outline how the enlightenment and positivism influenced the development of Criminology, and I will also compare and contrast the Functionalist and Marxist approaches to crime, outlining key theories such as Merton’s Strain Theory and White Collar Crime. Furthermore, I will be discussing the New Criminology in Britain using examples from the 1970’s.

Within this first assignment, the main aim is to evaluate the contribution made by classicist criminology to the provision of effective responses to criminal behaviour. Criminology has a modest definition that states the link between criminology and the study of crime, for example, why people commit actions and how society responds to this behaviour (P Joyce, 2009). When defining whether an act is criminal or not it is most likely to be viewed as an act of wrong doing by most members of society and is consequently punishable by law. Classicism was developed within the late eighteenth century Europe, and was a reaction to traditional views and practices regarding crime and punishment.

The three eras that have characterized the field of criminology are the Golden Age of Research, Golden Age of Theory, and third era was the explanation or accuracy of the previous eras. Each era ran through a certain time like the first era running from 1900 to 1930 and the second era running from 1930 to 1960 and the final era ran through 1960 to 2000. As said by Frank Schmallengers book on Criminology today that the first era “was a time when data on crime and criminal behavior were largely gathered and evaluated independent of any particular ideational framework.” Schmallenger also said that John H. Laub described the second era “as a time when intellectual theorizing ‘dominated the scene.’ ” As for the third era John H. Laub said that