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The First Three Minutes: A Modern View Of The Universe

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The universe we know today is big and dark, with billions of galaxies. In the beginning of the universe it was thought to be much different. It was small, dense, and hot. In the book The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe, Weinberg explains the early stages of the Universe with what happened during the time of the Big Bang. He explains the first three minutes of the very early universe and then the early universe. At the beginning there was zero time where the whole Universe was compressed into a one. From there during the “one-hundredth of a second…the temperature of the universe was about a hundred thousand million degrees Centigrade”(Page8). The Universe was made up of photons, electrons, positrons, quarks and …show more content…

Which means that they at one point must have been touching each other. To help verify this was Edward Hubble who found there is a directly proportional “relation between Redshift and Distance”(pg.22). Meaning galaxy’s light spectrum increases in wavelength from the light we receive from a galaxy and the speed with which it moves away from earth. He used that to calculate the distance of the galaxy from Earth, and then approximated the age for the universe. “There is... a way to confirm that the galaxies are really moving apart, as indicated by the red shifts”(page32). This discovery was a great importance to the Standard Model. Once it was clear that the universe was expanding, Hubble proceeded to calculate the speed the galaxies that are moving away from us. A constant now called “Hubble’s constant”, which determines that galaxies increase in constant proportion to their distance. The next thing important to the Standard Model was the Theory of General Relativity published by Albert Einstein. His model predicted an expanding universe; “in order to achieve a model that fit…Einstein was forced to mutilate his equation by introducing a term called cosmological constant”(page 35). Which made the formula consistent with a static Universe. The next important thing about the Standard Model was when the radiation expanded, dropped frequency and gained wavelength. There was “diffuse background of radio static left over from near the beginning of the universe”(page46). “Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson, set out to use the antenna to measure the intensity of the radio waves emitted from our galaxy at high galactic latitudes, out of the planes of the Milky Way”(page46). Which confirmed the Standard Model theory that remained

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