The Five Major Plant Hormones

Phototropism is the growth of a plant in the direction of its light source. Phototropism occurs due to a hormone called auxin which is produced at shoot tips. Auxin influences cell division, if there is light on one side then the dark side will receive more auxin and therefore more cell division will occur on that side, which will force the plant to bend towards the light therefore affecting the height of the

Plant cells have selectively permeable membrane that allows selective substances to penetrate into the cell. Cell membranes are consisting of lipid layer that are made up of phospholipids. (Essays, UK.2013). These phospholipids are amphipathic in nature, which have phospholipids head and tail respectively. Phospholipids heads are hydrophilic and tails

Secreted chemical signals involve communication at a distance. Primary modes of chemical signals include hormonal, neurohormonal, paracrine, autocrine, and neurotransmitter.

A plant can control its turgor pressure through its central vacuole and cell wall. If a great amount of water is inside the cell, the central vacuole will take in some of the water to take some of the pressure of the cell wall. The cell wall can also eliminate water from making its way into the cell. The would cause the cell to keep expanding, but slowly eliminate its excess

Despite its importance osmosis may also damage cells by causing them to; a) shrink from water loss or b) burst from too much water gain. Plant cells [fig 3] have adapted themselves to ensure that these factors do not affect them, by forming a ridged wall, known as the cell wall, around their cells. The cell wall maintains the shape of the cell, and prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic medium by resisting water pressure. Plant cells have also adapted a larger vacuole, which occupies 80% or more of the cells cytoplasm (Davidson, 2004); allowing plants to store more water and nutrients per cell. Vacuoles also play a structural role in plant cells; by swelling when liquids contact them, plant vacuoles are able to control turgor pressure within the cell. This helps maintain the structural integrity of the cell as well as providing the plant with suitable amounts of water and nutrients; however the cell will never burst because the vacuole is contained within the cell wall. If plant cells are deprived of water their vacuole will begin to shrink, yet due to the cell the wall, the plant cell will be able to maintain its shape. [fig.4] Animal cells [fig 5] on the other hand do not have this

A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that travels across the synapse between a neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland. Hormone is a chemical messenger of the endocrine system that is released by a gland or organ and travels through the blood. Neurotransmitter and hormone both compare because they both are chemical messenger, both chemicals are released from vessels into the surrounding fluid by similar mechanisms. They both work by binding to receptors on target cells. Neurotransmitter and hormones are very important systems, which regulate the various activities of the body, and are dependent on the release of special chemicals. Furthermore, the tissues in the Central Nervous System produce some hormones, as well as the neurotransmitters. What sets neurotransmitter and hormone apart? Neurotransmitters belong to the nervous system, however hormones belong to the endocrine system. Hormones and neurotransmitters are engendered differently; hormones are engendered by endocrine glands while neurotransmitters are engendered by neurons. The transmission of neurotransmitters is across the synaptic cleft, whereas that of hormones is by blood. Hormones are able to regulate their target organs, whereas neurotransmitters are able to stimulate the postsynaptic membranes. The action of neurotransmitters is extremely fast, which could be up to a few milliseconds. In contrast, effect of hormones could be lost for a long period, which could be in the range of few seconds to a few days.

The tobacco plant like many plants contain a cell callus. A cell callus contains somatic undifferentiated cells and can be used to differentiate into specialized tissues of the tobacco plant, or any plant used, by being induced with the addition of different types of hormones, such as cytokinin and auxin. Cytokinin and auxin are mostly used in plant tissue culture simultaneously to provoke the formation of a plantlet or callus. There is a common use of Kinetin in plant tissue culture since when added it will promote cell division to initiate shoot tissues from calluses of the plant. Kinetin is a type of cytokinin hormone. In regards to auxin related hormones, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is also commonly used since it promotes the initiation of roots for the root tissue of the plant. In this

Like animals, plants are affected by gravity. Yet, they manage to grow upward and to great heights. How do they do this? While there are many forces acting on plants from the outside, there are also forces at work within plants themselves. These forces enable plants to stay up straight, take in water, extend their roots, and find light. Plants hold themselves up in two main ways, through turgor pressure and by using special woody tissues.

A hormone is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour. Which is a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action.

As seen from the given figure, the paper discovered that a single promoter (pFLS2) differentially drove gene expression in response to different stimuli using transcription fusion of pFLS2 with GUS. Specifically, they discovered that in the control treatment, pFLS2 was solely visible in root late elongation. While incubation with flg22 led to an increase Pfls2 activity in the root tip extending to the cortical cells, salylic acid (SA) showed strong blue staining in the vasculature, next H2O2 or the ethylene precursor ACC provoked an almost identical promoter activity in the root cap, root meristem and root epidermal cells, also finding pFLS2 is auxin responsive. Revealing that flg22, SA, H2O2 and ethylene all induce the expression of activity of the pFLS2 but the responses are specific to different tissue layers in the root. Overall proving evidence that a single promoter can drive expression to different tissues because of cis-regulatory elements, presenting observations showing that FLS2 is subject to positive regulation between receptor

Genetics determine the growth of a plant. Genes plays an important role in a plants life. It’s also affected by the plant’s environment. The environment of a plant can affect the size of a plant. Therefore, the plant may not reach the size that their genes have determined. Reproduction of plants are very important. Pollinators transfer into a plant’s reproduction system. When fertilization happens, seeds inherit the parent plant’s characteristics which it uses to grow. Some of the traits that a plant can inherit from the parent plants are the colour of petals and size of the leaves. Humans harm plants and can affect the plant’s growth. Humans can make plants grow taller and

This data shows a strange outcome, in the hypothesis; it says that “If acid is introduced to the seed during germination, then the roots will not grow as long as the seeds that are given water”. This statement proves to be untrue, because the roots grew longer with stronger acid than weaker acid, and in some, cases, grew better with strong acid than it did in water. This may be true because of the acid growth theory. The acid growth theory states that auxins cause the elongation of stem cells by promoting wall loosening. It was determined that this wall loosening is caused by hydrogen ions. This idea and subsequent supporting data gave rise to the acid growth theory, which states that when exposed to auxins, susceptible cells excrete protons into the wall at an enhanced rate, which in turn decreases the pH in the wall. The lowered wall pH then activates the wall loosening process which is essentially doing the same thing as the auxin hormone.

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth, being a key component in the process of photosynthesis and is a part of the chlorophyll molecule. Nitrogen acts to increase the amount of the green chlorophyll in plant leaves which allows them to absorb the optimum amount of sunlight by increasing the surface area of leaves to hold the chlorophyll and optimum amounts of nitrogen in a plant allow it to produce enough foliage in order for it to successfully photosynthesise efficiently, therefore producing the right energy it needs to function.

     Plants are autotrophs that mean they are able to synthesize food directly from inorganic compounds, instead of relying on other organisms. They use carbon dioxide gas and water to produce sugars and oxygen

In this article examples are going to be discussed of the application of molecular biology in the field of plant ecology, what molecular biology is as well as what plant ecology is. Plant ecology is one of the branches in the scientific field of ecology that mainly focus on plant population and their surroundings (McMahon, 2016). Plant ecologists also look at other factors that have an impact on the plants and their environment. According to the MIT Department of Biology, plant molecular biology is the study where biological data such as plants genetics, genomes, biochemical and the cell biologics is inserted into computers to understand the development, growth and physiology of plants at a molecular level. The examples that is going to be