The Four Types Of Spina Bifida

Type II: a greater amount of tissue extends into the spinal canal compared to Chiari malformation type I.

Dr. Abiera had reviewed a September 3, 2010 MRI of the cervical spine that revealed central protrusion/herniation at C3/C4, left paracentral protrusion/herniation at C7/T1, Disc bulges C4/C5, C5/C6 and C6/C7, left paracentral extrusion/herniation at T3/T4 and straightening of cervical lordosis. In addition, Dr. Abiera noted an August 11, 2010 x-ray of the cervical spine which revealed blastic lesions, incidental Clay Shovelers Fractures of C7 and an August 11, 2110 x-ray of the thoracic spine which was

Spina Bifida literally means “split spine”. It is the most common permanent disabling birth defect in the United States. It happens when the brain, spinal cord do not completely develop. It is the most common neural tube defect in the United States- affecting 1500 to 2000 of more than four million babies in each year. An estimate shows 166,000 individual lives with Spina Bifida in the United States. I choose this disorder because many people do not about the effects, causes, symptoms and treatments about the disorder and I wanted to know more about spina bifida.

She reports tenderness to the posterior aspect of the cervical spine, trapezius region and scapular region with deep palpation.

Disabilities in meningocele spina bifida are most often minor as there is typically little or no nerve damage. The mildest form of spina bifida is Spina Bifida Occulta. It is also referred to as “hidden spina bifida” because there is no opening or sac of fluid in the back, instead there is a small gap in the spine. In this form the spinal cord and nerves are generally unaffected and typically there are no resulting disabilities.

Unlike other diseases, Spina Bifida is a disease that cannot be cured with a drug or surgery. There is not a current cure for Spina Bifida, but there are ways of making the symptoms more endurable. If the child has Myelomeningocele, soon after birth, the child will most likely need surgery. The baby is at high risk of infection, so according to Seattle Children's Hospital,”Because part of your baby's spinal cord area is exposed, your baby is at risk of getting an infection or having more damage to the spinal cord. To lessen the risk, our neurosurgeons will operate within your baby's first 24 to 48 hours of life” (“Myelomeningocele,”2016). The surgeon will cover the spinal cord and closes the muscles around the muscle cord. Lastly, they close the skin to cover the spine. If the baby has hydrocephalus, which is when there is too much cerebrospinal fluid in the head and a shunt may be required to drain the fluid (“Myelomeningocele,”2016). Since the child may have slight paralysis below the wound, the child may need physical therapy. The Seattle Children’s Hospital states, “Some may need aids like braces, crutches or wheelchairs”(“Myelomeningocele,”2016). This will help with the slight paralysis that the child may be experiencing. Lastly, the surgeon may be able to do a fetal surgery on the child. The surgery is usually done around the 24th week of pregnancy (“Myelomeningocele,”2016). Depending on what

In the United States, there are approximately 17,000 new cases of spinal cord injuries every year and it is estimated that as of the year 2016 approximately 282,000 people in the United States have an injury to the spinal cord to some degree (NSCISC 2016). The diagnosis of a spinal cord injury includes any damage to the spinal cord, including the nerves associated with it. This kind of injury causes permanent damage to the body by a decrease in strength, sensation, and body functions (Shroff et al. 2017). Spinal cord injuries are particularly hard to treat because each injury is different and the cells associated with the spinal cord are hard to target and treat. In most cases, no improvement functionally is made and the symptoms are permanent.

DOI: 6/26/2002. The patient is a 64 -year-old female patrol officer who sustained a work-related injury to her back, shoulder and legs due to constant driving at work. As per OMNI, the patient is status post lumbar surgery on 1/13/11 and epidural steroid injection on 9/24/12. MRI of lumbar spine with and without contrast dated 6/6/12 revealed congenitally shortened pedicales at the L1-L2 level but no impingement on the thecal sac or nerve roots at this level is identified; desiccated L2-L3 disc with bilateral facet joint arthropathy resulting in moderate bilateral neural foraminal stenosis but no impingement on the thecal sac or nerve roots at this level is identified; desiccated L3-L4 disc with bilateral facet joint arthropathy resulting in moderate bilateral neural foraminal stenosis but no impingement on the thecal sac or nerve roots at this level is identified;

The second type of spina bifida is known as Meningocele. Meningocele causes a sack of fluid to come through an opening of the infant’s back (CDC). The spinal cord is not connected to the sack on the infant’s back. People who suffer from this type of spina bifida could have minor to no damage of the nerves. Also symptoms vary for meningocele. Symptoms range from little to none, all the way to paralysis of legs with bladder and bowel

There are several different types of spina bifida, each affecting the spine differently. These different categories also affect mental, social, and physical characteristics and can lead to other disorders. Common types of spina bifida include occult spinal dysraphism (OSD), spina bifida occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele (SBM) (Liptak,

Spinal cord injuries result from a fracture or dislocation of the vertebrae that is typically due to a sudden, forceful blow to the spine (“NINDS Spinal Cord Injury Information Page”, 2016). According to Early (2006), A traumatic accident, such as a shooting, stabbing, car accident, or diving accident, may result in a spinal cord injury (p. 535). According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2016), Damage to the spinal tissue results from displaced or shards of vertebral bone fragments, damaged ligaments, or discs that bruise or tear the delicate tissue and destroy axons. Destruction of axons result in the inability to carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body (“NINDS Spinal Cord Injury

As a congenital malformation commonly affecting children born with Spina Bifida, the Arnold-Chiari malformation, or Chiari Malformation Type II, involves the irregular extension of both the cerebellar tonsils and the brain stem tissue into the opening to the spinal canal – the foramen magnum (NINDS, 2013). Typically, the brain stem and the cerebellum sit above the opening to the spinal canal, where the brain stem houses most of the cranial nerves that supply the body. Providing the control centres for vital bodily functions such as breathing, regulation of the body’s internal environment through maintenance of heart rate and blood pressure, as well as providing sensory and motor control to a significant portion of the body (Joynt, 2014), the Arnold-Chiari malformation causes substantial problems for patients. Likewise, the congestion of these structures in the spinal canal limits the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the brain to the spinal cord (Medway, 2006), causing other medical issues that become regularly associated with Spina Bifida as a result, such as hydrocephalus (Columbia Neurosurgery, n.d.). Issues associated with the Arnold-Chiari malformation can only be relieved, rather than treated, through surgical processes that aim to eliminate or reduce these symptoms (WebMD, 2014).

Congenital abnormalities occur during a fetus’s development before birth. In the United States, about three to four percent of babies are born with some sort of congenital abnormality. Spina bifida is the most common congenital abnormality, occurring in about one in every one thousand births. Spina bifida happens when the spinal bones do not close properly during formation. Spina bifida can be seen in a newborn by a small sac located on the spine. Surgery must be done within the first few days of the infant’s life in order to remove the sac. The sac contains spinal fluid and damaged nerves, but little can be done to repair the damaged nerves.

Primary causes begin inside of the spine’s structure. Neurofibromatosis is one of the most common cause of spinal cord tumor and non-cancerous. Von Hippel-Lindau is rare genetic disorder causing benign spinal cord tumors associated with the blood vessels.

Spinal cord injuries can occur in many different ways but are classified as any damage that causes a change in function of the spinal cord for a temporary or permanent time period. Both experiments are based on the aftermath effects of a