The Front For The Liberation Of Mozambique

In the 1960s, many of the colonial nations of Africa were gaining independence. The ANC was encouraged and campaigned for democracy in South Africa. They were mild campaigns at first, but as the government became more hostile, so did ANC protests. In November 1961, a military branch of the party was organized with Mandela as its head. It authorized the limited use of arms and sabotage against the government, which got the government’s attention—and its anger! Mandela went into hiding in 1964, he was captured, tried, and sentenced to life imprisonment. It was a sad day for black South Africa.

to the colonial takeover. The African National Congress has seen nearly half a century of battling

Apartheid was a set of racial laws that segregated the various race groups of South Africa. It came into power along with the National Party came into power in 1948. The government was ruled by all white members and they enforced racial segregation policies that served to benefit whites and put down other races. Some laws included not allowing certain races to live or even enter certain areas, known as pass laws. Another law prohibited whites and blacks from being together romantically. Even when Blacks got to work in some of the same field of jobs as whites, they were forced into black specific groups. Apartheid split the population into four groups. White being the most privileged and getting the most benefits; whites held the most control.

Archbishop Desmond Tutu was one of these people and Doc 7 showed a 1984 speech to the United Nations Security Council where he addressed the possibility of a new society for all people in South Africa. 1984 was the year P.W. Botha became president and began his police state and South Africa was still yet to see the worst atrocities of the Apartheid struggle. Tutu believed that the only reason the whites in South Africa were cruel to the blacks was because they were scared; they were outnumbered and after the ancestors of the white population had fought against the natives for decades their fear was only reinforced through stories of the barbaric Africans. They were also scared that if given the opportunity the blacks would drive them out of South Africa and out of their land of birth. Tutu suggested a new nation in which all people were equal as they were created in the image of god and where the government was truly democratic. Because Desmond Tutu had lived through the entire period of Apartheid and was a leader of the back christian community in South Africa he would have seen and understood the feelings the people of South Africa had toward Apartheid. He would have also strived to implicate Christian beliefs of equality back into the hearts of the white people and end the use of violence. One year before Desmond Tutu's speech a new political party formed called the United Democratic Front. This party was a non-racial and anti-Apartheid organization which specifically opposed the Tricameral parliament which allowed coloured and asian south Africans minimal representation while the black population was still excluded. The Poster for the United Democratic front shown in Doc 9 gave an image to the blacks in South Africa that

Apartheid originated as colonization came to an end in South Africa, in the hope of entirely segregating the nation. Under Apartheid, the rights of the majority black inhabitants were curtailed and the white minority rule was strengthened and put into action. Enforced through legislation by the National Party from 1948 to 1994, 3.5 million non-white South Africans were removed from their homes and forced into segregated neighborhoods, in one of the largest mass removals in modern history (Evans). The purpose of Apartheid was not only the separation of the races, but the separation of groups. White domination wanted to maintain power and did so through the enforcement of racist laws involving unequal social order (Apartheid). Apartheid forced South Africans into

South African Apartheid was the government enforced policy of extreme segregation and discrimination which lasted from 1948 to 1991; this affected both Black and Asian citizens of South Africa and deprived them of their basic human rights. Before Apartheid, South Africa already had conditions that were comparable to segregation in the United States: there were laws restricting voting, buying land, and jobs. The National Party in South Africa is the all-white government party that gained power through white supremacy and white nationalism, and they believed that they had a God-given right to control Africa. The implementation of Apartheid by the government of South Africa was a disastrous decision that negatively affected non-European citizens

Fortunately, it was long before this that it had become evident that the African National Congress was progressively determining and becoming the future of South Africa.

What many forget while looking at the independence of African States is that they were becoming independent during the red scare. The fear of Communism contributed to the early shaping of both South Africa and the Congo, though in different ways. The fear of Communism led the United States to support an oppressive dictator, President Mobutu, rather than Patrice Lumumba, a political leader wishing to help Zaire (now the Dominican Republic of the Congo) thrive in whatever way possible. In South Africa, Nelson Mandela was sentenced to prison for violating the Suppression of Communism Act. Mandela’s political views were strongly influenced by communist ideals.

ANC was founded in 1912. Despite the modest stated nature of its political goal at this time, namely

Nelson Mandela the only African student at the University of Witwatersrand and often faced racism. He befriended people of all race, religion and beliefs and joined the ANC (African National Congress) and was a very active member. He supported the views of Anton Lembede about Africans being independent in their own politics. Mandela was one of the many delegates that said for the ANC to have a youth wing and the ANCYL was created in 1944 on Easter. Mandela later was appointed secretary of the ANCYL after Lembede died (due to sickness) and Peter Mda was a declared president of the ANCYL. Mandela disagreed with Mda’s approach on cooperating with communists and non-blacks and in 1947 and supported an unsuccessful move to expel communists from the ANCYL since their belief was greatly considered un-African. That same year Mandela was elected to the executive committee of the Transvaal ANC and forced the resignation of C.S. Ramohanoe for cooperating with Indians and communists.

The national party achieved power in South Africa in 1948 the government, usually comprised on “white people”, and racially segregated the country by a policy under the Apartheid legislation system. With this new policy in place the black South African people were forced to live segregated from the white people and use separate public facilities. There were many attempts to overthrow the Apartheid regime, it persisted to control for almost 50 years.

In 1965, Zimbabwe was led by a white government. The government was racist and had segregation laws. Douglas Smith made a Declaration of Independence from Britain. This declaration was made after the Britain had a majority vote for the independence of Zimbabwe from Great Britain. Smith continued and declared the not yet Zimbabwe a republic. In June 1979, the South Rhodesia

This essay will investigate the independence movement in post-colonial sub-saharan Africa though the case studies of four African nations; namely Uganda, Ethiopia, Sao Tome, and Nigeria. The major factors that will be compared between these nations are their geographical location both in the African sphere and in the European sphere, the presence of valuable resources, the wealth and power of the pre-colonial government, the length of time under a colonial power, the civility, or lack thereof, on the path to independence, and their relations with their “parent” european nation after independence was achieved. Using these facts a starting point, this essay will examine the relative success of the independence movement in each of these nations. It will also briefly address the concept of a unified Africa in the context of each nation’s independence movement.

The Afrikaners formed a separate linguistic and cultural identity that included a set of religious beliefs that shaped their worldview. These developments not only separated Afrikaners from native Africans ethnically, but also provided a template from which nationalist beliefs were based. This connection between the cultural identity of Afrikaners and their nationalist ideology is found in the events that occurred shortly after Great Britain annexed South Africa. Afrikaners believed that the British would undermine the culture that had developed among Afrikaners by supporting the mixing of Afrikaner and native cultures. In response to this threat to their ethnic identity, Afrikaners created numerous political parties that advocated both a separate culture and country for Afrikaners. Drawing upon the reformed theology of Afrikaners, political organizations such as the Afrikaner Broederbond claimed that, “…God intended for each nation to develop separately…moreover, God had specifically created the Afrikaner nation as His chosen people to fulfill a divine destiny in southern Africa” (Beck, 2000, p. 111). Using a religious belief from the Afrikaner culture, political parties were able build a nationalism that promoted the segregationist agenda that would later be used for justifying Apartheid. So, Apartheid was not racist institution, it was merely a product of the nationalist belief that the Afrikaner people had the right to develop as a

From the 17th century until the early 1900’s, European countries were fighting to get tracks of land across Africa. Although South Africa was unified by Great Britain in 1910, the African National Congress was formed two years later. It was only on Dec 11, 1931 after World War II when Britain gave South Africa its’ independence as a country. For the first sixty years after South Africa was claimed independent, white minority rulers dominated the country. South Africa is now an independent Nation but is still a member of the British Commonwealth.