The Function Of James And Musculoskeletal System

Had visual and mobility problems, difficulty using hands and fingers. Ambulated with a cane and wore a brace on the right lower extremity. Shoulders and upper and lower extremities were weak. Problems with memory, concentration, understanding, completing tasks, and getting along with people. Had difficulty managing money. Was able to feed himself, understood and followed directions. A caregiver or his mother assisted him with all activities and reminded him to take his

He is afebrile. Vital signs are stable. Generally, this is a cachectic man sitting in a wheelchair. No acute distress. Skin is warm and dry. Head is normocephalic, atraumatic. Pupils are equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation. Sclerae is anicteric. Oral mucosa is moist without lesions. No JVD. No thyromegaly. Lymphatics: No cervical, supraclavicular, axillary, or inguinal adenopathy appreciated. Respiratory: Lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Heart: Regular rate and rhythm. Abdomen: Soft, nontender. Positive bowel sounds. Liver and spleen not palpable. Strength is 5/5 throughout. Neurological exam is intact.

It is one of the most common disorders involving physical movement and about 10,000 infants are diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy every year. The four categories of Cerebral Palsy are Spastic Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid Palsy, Ataxic Cerebral Palsy, and Mixed Cerebral Palsy. Currently, there is no cure for the disorder but scientific research has progressed in the discovery of treatments and prevention techniques. The term cerebral refers to affecting or relating to the brain and the term palsy refers to paralysis or involuntary tremor or quivering movement. The part of the brain that is affected, known as the cerebrum; the largest part of the brain, is responsible for higher brain functions such a perception, imagination, judgment, sensations, and voluntary muscle actions. In effect to this, the center handicap of motor coordination, can associate with slurred speech, blurred vision, impaired hearing, and an overall mental retardation. Though Cerebral Palsy is a permanent disorder, fortunately, it does not progress or worsen over a period of time. It is not inherited through generations and is not a contagious disorder. Depending on severity, symptoms can develop as early as 3 months old, or even develop during conception and may continue to grow with the

There are 3 main different types of cerebral palsy Spastic, Athetoid, Ataxic and a mixed type. Spastic cerebral Palsy is actually the most common type there is, it covers from 70 to 80 percent of most cases. This type of cerebral palsy affects your motor skills and very over the top movement, it’s also caused by damage of the brain and the brains signals to the body and that fails that why it’s harder for them to have balance, move or they have jerky movement. If your right side of the brain is damaged that means the left side of your body is going to have trouble working well and vice versa. Common symptoms of Spastic Palsy is awkward reflexes, stiffness in the body or body parts, abnormal gait, and contractures (tightness of the joints or muscles.

More than 70 percent of patients with cerebral palsy have spastic clinical features. These are be presented as the affected limbs may demonstrate exaggerated deep tendon reflexes, clonus, tremors, hypertonia of the muscles, paresis, and a characteristic scissoring gait with toe-walking. The other forms of cerebral palsy such as athetoid or dyskinetic type that affects 10 to 20 percent of patients, is characterized by abnormally slow, writhing movements of the hands, feet, arms, or legs that are exacerbated during periods of stress and are not observed during sleep. The rarest form, ataxic cerebral palsy affects 5 to 10 percent of patients. Patients having this type of cerebral palsy have predominately impaired balance and coordination. Such

The Center For Disease Control and Prevention estimates that every 1 in 323 children in the U.S. have been diagnosed with cerebral palsy and more than 17 million people worldwide are struggling with this condition. Cerebral palsy, or CP, is “a group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to move and maintain balance and posture.” (“Centers For Disease Control and Prevention.”) It is the most common motor disorder among children and there are four main types, those being Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy, Ataxic Cerebral Palsy, Spastic Cerebral Palsy, and Mixed Cerebral Palsy. The most common type of CP is Spastic CP, which affects an estimated 80% of the people who have been diagnosed with cerebral palsy. (“Centers For Disease Control and

We decided to research suit therapy in the context of cerebral palsy. Suit therapy is a system of rubber bands, hooks, and rings that connect a vest, shorts, kneepads, and specially connected shoes (McMahon, Pruitt & Vargus-Adams 2009). There are bungee type cords that continue to tighten and adjust in order to “mimic normal flexor and extensor patterns of major muscle groups in an attempt to correct abnormal alignment” (McMahon, Pruitt & Vargus-Adams 2009). Wearing the suit along with intensive physical therapy, and active motor participation by the patient for a certain amount of time and frequency is meant to retrain the brain what normal muscle movement is and improve sensory and proprioceptive information (McMahon, Pruitt & Vargus-Adams

“Cerebral palsy is a term which encompasses a set of neurological conditions that cause physical disability in human development - they affect the brain and nervous system. The word cerebral refers to the area in the brain that is affected, while palsy means complete or partial muscle paralysis, frequently accompanied by loss of sensation and uncontrollable body movements or tremors.” (Nordqvist. C).

The patient may present with spasticity in which there is a continuous contraction of muscles. It is known as spastic cerebral palsy and 75% of children with cerebral palsy experience spasticity (Beaman, Kalisperis, & Miller-Skomorucha, 2013). Spasticity causes changes in the size of muscle unit and decreased volume and longitudinal growth of muscle fibers. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy presents with involuntary and uncontrolled movements. They include tremor, rigidity, choreoathetosis, dystonia, athetosis and ballismus (Beaman, Kalisperis, & Miller-Skomorucha, 2013). Ataxic cerebral palsy is characterized by a lack of control and balance of coordinated movements. There is incoordination, tremor, weakness and wide-based gait (Beaman, Kalisperis, & Miller-Skomorucha, 2013). Additionally, hypotonic cerebral palsy presents with a remarkable reduction of the muscle tone that may affect both the extremities and the trunk (Beaman, Kalisperis, & Miller-Skomorucha,

Spasticity is a problem that appears in the injury of your spinal cord or a part of the brain that controls your involuntary movement. It is from the stretch reflexes being extremely excited with an upper motor neuron lesion. It can interfere with you daily through daily activities, balance, and being able to function on your on. Spasticity is where certain muscles are continuously contracted. It can also cause your muscles to be stiff and tight. Spasticity may interfere with your speech, movement, and your gait. The usual treatments for spasticity are physical therapy (PT), antiseptic agents, and surgical lengthening of the affected muscles or tendons.

Cerebral Palsy is defined as a “group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation, that are attributed to nonprogressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain” (Perry, Hockenberry, Lowdermilk, & Wilson, 2014, p. 1571). This means that any event that causes neuromuscular compromise of movement or posture, from conception to the child’s first birthday, may be termed as cerebral palsy. The condition covers many different disorders, all of which do not continue to cause damage or harm to the patient. It is the most frequent childhood physical disability, as it occurs 2.4-3.6 times per 1000 live child births (Perry et al., 2014). Damage or abnormal development of cerebral

Although Cerebral Palsy is described as a loss of motor function, it is actually a disorder of the brain and results from sustained damage, typically on a developing fetal brain. The disorder itself can vary depending on the “timing of the lesion, the clinical presentation, and the site and severity of the impairments” (Colver 1240). This means that the stage of development that is in progress when damage occurs can alter the outcomes of the disorder. It is important to note that every case of cerebral palsy is exclusive to a patient. Someone who has a milder case for example may only suffer from sporadic muscle spasms and contractions. Others may suffer from a form that induces epilepsy and scoliosis or might cause complete or partial paralysis. While most individuals who have the condition are born with it, it is difficult to ascertain the exact cause in most

Spasticity was originally defined by James Lance as “a motor disorder characterized by a velocity dependent increase in muscle tone with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex, as one component of the upper motor neuron syndrome” [1, 2]. This symptom usually occurs in patients with acquired brain injury, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, stroke, and other conditions involving upper motor neuron syndrome [3]. However, the

Cerebral Palsy is a generic term that is applied to a non-progressive motor disorder. Approximately (2).% of children born today will have some form of cerebral palsy (CP). There are four main categories in which CP disorders are placed. First, Spastic syndromes due to upper motor neuron involvement are representative of 70% of CP cases (8). Subgroups of this include hemiplegia (21%), quadriplegia (27%), and diplegia (21%), which is a mixture of quadriplegia and paraplegia (8). The hemiplegics of this group often have mild or less severe speech impediments than the other subgroups (8). Second, athetoid and dyskinetic syndromes occur in about 20% of the cases (8). This group has the slow, writhing movements and

As reported by in the Children’s Hemiplegia and Stroke Association cerebral palsy is a condition caused by injury to the parts of the brain that control our ability to use our muscles