The Functional Differences Between Prokaryote And Eukaryote Bacterial Cells

Bacterial cells and eukaryotes both have a cell wall. The cell wall is what gives the cells its unique shape and size. The cell wall in bacterial cells are made up of carbohydrates, proteins and peptidoglycan. The cell wall in bacteria protects the cell from damages to the cell and has a inelastic shape just outside the plasma membrane. The cell wall of

Now that we understand the properties of life and the composition of cells, we can focus on the architecture or formation in terms of basic anatomy and physiology as our second area of exploration. The two types of cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) defined before have a few common things such as Plasma membrane (similar to animal cells); Cell wall (similar to plant cells); and Ribosomes, the

Beginning with the outside of the cell, their cell walls are different. Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell wall, while some archaea have pseudopeptidoglycan in their cell walls or don’t have a cell wall at all. Attached to their cell wall are flagella. Their flagella are still similar in that they aid in movement, but they differ in location and number. Archaea have a bundle of flagella on one end, whereas bacteria has single flagella all over. Bacteria also have another type of flagella that archaea don’t. Bacteria have axial filaments. These bundles of endoplagella spiral around the cell. They cause the cell to move in a corkscrew motion. Moving past the cell wall and flagella, we encounter differences in the cell membrane. The cell membrane of archaea is a unique phospholipid membrane. Archaea’s membrane has unique lipids that bacteria cells do not have. These lipids assist in stability and allow archaea to survive in extreme environments. Inside the cell we discover differences in proteins. Archaea have histone proteins, but bacteria do not. These proteins help to package proteins of DNA. They are typically found in eukaryotes, but have been found in archaea as well. Not only do they differ in these type of proteins, but also in attachment proteins. Bacteria have fimbriae which are filaments of pilin protein and archaea have hami which are a hooked protein filament. These proteins allow the

Figure 1: A typical prokaryotic cell. Left is a diagram of typical prokaryotic bacteria with subcellular structures labelled. Right is an electron microscope of a prokaryotic cell (Taken from Bevington, A, 2015)

Prokaryotic don’t have a nucleus and their cell type is unicellular. They do not have a true membrane bound nucleus and they have loop DNA. They are rod shaped, spherical and spiral and they divide by binary fission. They are smaller

Escherichia coli, commonly known as E. coli, is a bacteria. Though most types of E. coli are not harmful, there are certain pathogenic varieties. In shape, E. coli is a rod shaped (bacilli,) and about 1-2 micrometers in size. On the outer membrane, they have flagellum which they use for movement, and fimbria. Fimbria is slightly shorter than flagellum and is known as the “attachment pill,” as it is what the bacterium uses to attach to the host organism, in this case mostly the inside of an organism’s intestines. On the inside, E. coli has cytoplasm and DNA.

The most common biochemical test performed on any bacteria is the Gram test. This test distinguishes the structure of the cell wall for that bacteria. Gram positive bacteria have a thick cell wall whereas Gram negative bacteria have a thin cell wall with a peptidoglycan layer. The Gram test is the most distinguishable test, because all bacteria fit into one of these two distinct groups. Another major distinguishing trait is the shape of the bacterial cell itself. The three major cell shapes are circular (or cocci), rods (bacillus), and spiral (spirillum). The organization of the cells in arrangements also

There are two different types of cells; prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Both cells have differences, including the shape and size of the cell. Prokaryote cells are found in bacteria such as E-coli, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus, whilst eukaryote cells are found in plants, animals and fungi. Eukaryotic cells have many components which lead to the cell having a much more complex structure and are larger in size, measuring between 10 and 100 micrometres in diameter. Prokaryotic cells, on the other hand, are much smaller, measuring between 0.2 and 2 micrometres and having a much simpler structure. The two cells share similarities such as; containing DNA, ribosomes and cytoplasms. According to Bassett, “The ribosomes are “told,” what kind of protein to make and when to make it via the direction of the DNA.” [Bassett. Dawsonera.com. P. 83. 2005.] DNA in a prokaryotic cell is described to be a single circular chromosome, whereas the eukaryotic cell has multiple linear chromosomes. However, the main comparison between the two cells is that the eukaryotic cell contains a nucleus, whereas the prokaryotic cell lacks a nucleus.

Cells, a unique characteristic of life and the start of humanity at its finest. Discovered in 1653, by a man named of Robert Hooke, coined the term Cells and was credited with it as well. The scientist said it reminded him of the cells of a monastery. These building blocks of life could be broken down into several different parts but the main two parts are prokaryote and eukaryote. Prokaryotes are one celled organisms such as bacteria. Prokaryotes are able to thrive in very harsh conditions including hydrothermal vents, hot springs, swamps, wetlands, and even the guts of humans and animals, called extremophiles. Prokaryotes contain a set amount of organelles in which are a cell wall, DNA, and cytoplasm. They do not reside a nucleus, but contains

Comparing the cellular morphology of table 2 to their respective pure culture in table 3. B. cereus presented with a white colony, round colony morphology, smooth margins and flat elevation in both pure culture and isolated culture; E. coli presented with a Yellow colony, round colony morphology, smooth margins, and flat elevation; S. aureus presented with a White colony; round colony morphology, smooth margins, and raised elevation.

3. Tortora GJ. Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. In: Microbiology an Introduction. 9th ed. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc; 2007: 77-113.

Prokaryotic cells are usually single-celled organisms much small than eukaryotic cells. Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells also do not have chloroplasts or mitochondria. The main difference of prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells is that prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. Since prokaryotes lack a nucleus the majority of DNA is stored inside the nucleoid. The DNA inside the nucleoid is looped around making the DNA circular in shape. Prokaryotic cells contain one chromosome which causes these cells to reproduce asexually. For prokaryotes to reproduce they must clone itself through a process called binary fission. A few examples of

Cell wall also contains teichoic acids (negatively charged chains of a common subunit which various sugars attach to; they stick out of peptidoglycan layer and bind cations such as Mg2+) and lipoteichoic acids.

Cells are the most basic unit of life known in the world today. While they are basic and small, they come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Two key cell types include prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Both living cell types work to form every living organism in the environment. However, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells hold many key factors that differentiate them from one another. These key differences include shape, domain, transportation, division as well as many other structural and functional differences. While these cells are different in most structural and functional factors there are many minute similarities to all cells. Despite sharing an evolutionary relationship, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in factors such as size and

There are two major groups that cells can be grouped into to. These are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. All eukaryotic cells contain a plasma membrane, as well as cytoplasm and organelles such as mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, smooth ER, ribosomes, a nucleus which is surrounded by a double membrane known as the nuclear envelope, and secretory vesicles. There are some eukaryotic cells which contain more organelles as well as theses. Some eukaryotic cells, specifically in plants, have chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are organelles that contain stacks of granum known as thylakoid stacks. The granum contains chlorophyll, and the first stage of photosynthesis occurs here. Some eukaryotic cells contain centrioles, which are strands of protein involved in the process of mitosis and meiosis. Pant cells have a cell wall made from cellulose. This prevents the cell from bursting from too much water uptake via osmosis. Fungi do not have chloroplasts. They do have a cell wall like plant cells, but whereas the cell walls in the plant cells are made from cellulose, the cell wall in a fungal cell is made from chitin. This is a polymer made from N-acetylglucosamine.