The Gastrointestinal Tract (GI)

Even though it's true that the health of your body and mind is largely determined by what you eat, your gut is in control of how the nutrients and energy in the food get into the rest of your body. Again, I'm giving a simplified model here, if you want to learn about gut health in more details, there are some books I recommend later on.

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PUD is not as common in pediatric patients when compared to adult incidences. The most common cause of PUD in pediatrics is due to Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) infection (Guariso & Gasparetto, 2012). Primitive ulcers, due to H. pylori, cause changes in the gastric or duodenal mucosa and alter gastric function such as overproduction of HCl and pepsin, resulting in ulcer-forming lesions (Guariso & Gasparetto, 2012). NSAIDs, stress and other extra-gastric pathogenic events cause secondary ulcers within the stomach. The underlying pathology of PUD is due to the reduction of prostaglandins that serve as a protective mechanism on the gastric mucosa. Patients most commonly present with dull stomach ache or pain usually after a meal. Gas, bloating, nausea and vomiting are some less common symptoms. PUD, although rare when compared to adults, is reported worldwide in children and most commonly identified as initiated by H. pylori infection and the use of NSAIDs occurring in the second decade of life. Other events such as stress, shock, or major trauma can trigger acute ulcers in children but there is a hereditary family history component that increases acid output and accelerates gastric emptying in more than 20% of patients (Guariso & Gasparetto, 2012). Although H. pylori infection is the more common cause of PUD, the use of NSAIDs increases the risk of acquiring PUD (Guariso & Gasparetto, 2012).

Torpy, J. M., Lynm, C., & Golub, R. M. (2012). Peptic ulcer disease. JAMA, 307(12), 1329.

The gut actually has a nervous system of its own – the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS controls the functions of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and gallbladder.

In the system of the gastrointestinal tract, there are some conditions that can affect quality of life and is common. One of these conditions is called peptic ulcer disease (PUD) or also known as H. Pylori (Helicobacter pylori), which is the bacteria associated with PUD that causes the infection that leads to PUD. Almost two thirds of the world is affected with this infection, unbeknownst to the host (Moscou, page 421). This infection is introduced in the body through contaminated sources of food or water. It also can be transmitted through person to person contact by kissing. Once ingested, buffers are released and the bacteria is able to survive despite the acidic conditions of the stomach. Most people do not produce symptoms of the infection, however, there are some that may experience irritation and tissue damage from overproduction of gastric acids and peptic ulcers. Duodenal ulcers, which form in the upper region of the small intestines, are more common in younger people. Peptic ulcers tend to be more common with age as they are more likely to be infected. This disease is treatable and obliteration of the H. pylori results in ulcer cure and prevention of recurrences (Zoorob, page 243)

2) Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) (ICD-10-CM - K27) – The disease is characterized by sores along the gastrointestinal tract that could extend from the stomach up to the esophagus. Pain is experienced when gastric contents come into contact with the sores resulting in inflammation. Causes of peptic ulcers include Helicobacter pylori infection and use of certain anti-inflammatory medicines such as aspirin (Fashner & Gitu, 2015). Stress and spicy food aggravates ulcers, while avoiding alcohol and tobacco use eases the

Peptic ulcer is the same thing but it is located in the lower esophagus, stomach, and duodenum and Gastro esophageal reflux disease is acids that come up from the stomach into the esophagus. Not only do these disorders all deal with acids but they all are an overproduction of these acids. These all cause pain. However the location of the pain is different in the various disorders. All of these require lifestyle changes such as diet, cessation of smoking, alcohol, and caffeine (Huether & McCance, 2012). The risk of gastritis gets higher as we get older because our stomach lining thins with age. Diagnosing consist of history and physical (H&P), H. pylori testing, imaging; such as a barium study as well as endoscopy (EGD). Treatment for gastritis includes antacids, acid reducing medications, antibiotics, and stress management (Mayo Clinic, n.d). Like gastritis, testing for peptic ulcer disease is diagnosed by H&P, H. pylori testing as well as endoscopy. It is also treated like gastritis, although surgery is an option if all other treatments fail (Ramakrishnan & Salinas, 2007). GERD can present in newborns through adults. The diagnosis is by symptoms, testing to monitor the amount of acid in your esophagus, esophageal motility testing, as well as barium swallow and EGD. Treatment is the same as with gastritis and

Your Backup Brain recalls the author’s time spent interviewing Michael Gershon and other researchers who are pioneering research into the enteric nervous system (ENS). This system, born in the embryonic stage as part of the neural crest and then migrate to what becomes our intestines, they theorize reacts sympathetically to the food we ingest and its own flora and thereby influence our mood and emotions. The article cites several studies both with people and mice that demonstrated some connection between the food that was consumed and emotion. In some case the food seemed to trigger some emotions and in others emotions caused the subjects to gravitate to certain foods. In studying these interactions all of the focus is not just on the food we eat but discussion includes the impact the bacteria, called the gut biome, and its effects on us as well. Theories include that the change in the human diet away from food preserved by fermentation has resulted in the change of the gut biome and possibly contributes to the increases we see in some maladies. While the jury is still out on how the ENS affects the central nervous system and vice versa, clearly the current body of knowledge shows that there are more questions to be asked and answered.

primary sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract [1]. The clinical course of GIST ranges from negligible, as in cases of microGIST, to highly malignant and inoperable disease [2–5]. GIST is characterized by the presence of mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases: activating mutations are present in KIT and PDGFRA in approximately 80% and 10% of GISTs,

“MOMMY! MAWWWMMY!” the little girl dressed like a princess shouted. “What? Whaaat?” The mother asked, glaring at a little computer screen.“I’m going to be a ballerina, pegasus, princess when I grow up,” the little one proclaimed proudly. “That’s great sweetie,” mom said cheerfully while turning to see her little peanut twirl and lose her balance. “SEE!” She squeaked stumbling to the side a bit and flashing the biggest, tiny smile. Mom clapped encouragingly. Almost every little girl or boy dreams of being a hair stylist, ballerina, football player, firefighter, veterinarian you name it, but not every tiny tike dreams of being a gastroenterologist. To be honest, neither did I. At least not until I was a tiny tot plus about twelve years.

At our practice of Gastroenterology Associates in Providence, Rhode Island we strive each and every day to provide the patients with the best possible care. In fact, practicing exceptional quality of care for all patients keeps them coming back to our practice allowing us to grow and to continue to be successful. Therefore, there are so many stories that I have endured at my time at this healthcare facility, which has changed the lives of so many people, which is one of the reasons on why I love my job so much.

The anatomical study of the gastrointestinal tract in revealed that the stomach was located on the left side and had two parts, one a large pouch, and another the pyloric region that transversely progressed to the right and had longitudinal mucosal folds. The pyloric sphincter was easily detected with Gastrografin so that it created an empty space between the stomach and duodenum.

Gastrointestinal (GI) Disorders refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, namely the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and so forth. My dad used to suffer with gastritis which is an inflammation or irritation of the lining of the stomach. The cause of this disease could be irritation due to excessive alcohol use, chronic vomiting, stress, or the use of certain medications such as aspirin or other anti-inflammatory drugs. The episodes occur suddenly (acute) but the cause of his illness was unknown because he wasn’t heavy drinker, taking any medication, or other things. Sometimes, the cause of his illness was eating unhealthy, undercooked or refrigerated (more than a day or two) foods. Most of the time, he hasn’t had any sign

Peptic ulcer is a chronic ulcer formed in regions of the gastrointestinal tract where gastric juice comes into direct contact with the mucous membrane. Such ulcer usually occurs in the first part of the duodenum and in the stomach. They sometimes occur in the lower oesophagus; in the jejunum after gastro-enterostomy or partial gastrectomy; and rarely, adjacent to aberrant gastric mucosa in a Meckel’s diverticulum. The term peptic ulcer is used to describe any localised erosion of the mucosal lining of those portions of the alimentary tract that come in contact with gastric juice. This integration of tissues can also result in necrosis. The defence mechanism of gastric and duodenal mucosa is incredibly efficient. The normal mechanical, thermal or chemical insult from food is well within its power to deal with. No single factor has been identified in the causation of chronic peptic ulcer. A combination of factors leads to ulceration. Most ulcers are found in the