The Genetic Basis Of Rhesus Genes

The following is a Haplogroup chart showing the sample, where it was collected, haplogroup, and ancient origin. Please note that the samples I collected, and that yielded a haplotype, are highlighted in yellow.

2. Can the student tell from the blood type if the student is heterozygous or homozygous? Explain. (5 points) Yes, knowing your blood type would

10. Type A: The genotype is either AA or AO. The antigens on the blood cell are A and the antibodies in the blood plasma are B.

4. Clear wing, Black eye, and Hairless (c, b, and h) are linked, recessive traits carried on

This is very likely to determine whether Nikoleta’s abnormal red blood cell color and shape is part of a family history. It also notes that both parents have mild hypochromia and macrocytic anemia.

1. Which of the following anemias is caused by a failure of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells and may be congenital or acquired?

13. Know the ABO and Rh typing system: what antigens are expressed, how one tests for the antigens, and the significance in transfusions, etc.

The goal of this experiment is to determine the blood types of the samples given and to learn what interactions occurred to each blood type. Determining an individual’s blood type and how it reacts with Anti A, Anti-B, and Anti Rh serums played a crucial part in this experiment. The researcher concluded that agglutination (clumping) occurred in some of the blood samples. For example, Mr. Smith’s blood reacted with Anti-A and Anti-Rh serums (antibodies) allowing the researcher to determine the blood type is A. Mr. Jones’s blood reacted with Anti-B serum but it did not react to Anti-A or Anti Rh allowing the researcher to believe that the blood type is B. Mr. Green’s blood reacted with all serums and caused a reaction to occur resulting the blood type to be AB positive. Mr. Green’s blood also had a positive marker for Rh factor. However, Ms. Brown’s blood had no reaction at all and the researcher determined if no reaction occurred then the sample had no antigens but proved to have some antibodies, resulting in blood type to be O. The purpose of this experiment is to determine whose blood has type A, B, AB, or O.

In order for one to understand the following results the term haplotype must be defined. A haplotype is the group of genes that a child inherits from the mother. Like haplotypes are grouped together and assigned a letter from the alphabet. This grouping is called a haplogroup. HV region sequencing will give the haplotype of the individual.

They are classified according to different mutations in the hemoglobin genes. The four main types are: Hemoglobin SS (HbSS), Hemoglobin SC (HbSC), Hemoglobin SB+ thalassemia (HbSB+), and Hemoglobin Beta- Zero thalassemia (HbB0). The most severe of these is the Hemoglobin Beta Zero. Beta thalassemia is classified into two kinds depending on the harshness of their symptoms: thalassemia major (also known as Cooley's anemia) and thalassemia intermedia. Of the two types, thalassemia major is most severe. (Mohamed PhD & Boskey PhD, 2012)

In 1910 Dr. James B. Herrick published a paper identifying an abnormal shape of RBCs. He took care of a young dental student by the name of Walter Clement Noel; he was admitted into the hospital for episodes of pain and anemia like symptoms. Samples of his blood were

Sickle Cell Anaemia follows an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, meaning the gene is on an autosome as opposed to a sex chromosome, and the disease only expresses itself in individual who posses two copies of the gene. The prevalence of the disease can be mainly attributed to its pattern of inheritance, where a heterozygote advantage occurs. As the genetic disorder is incompletely recessive, a heterozygote individual will have a mixed phenotype. Normal function of red blood cells will occur, but there will also be

In some children, other genes may be involved in AHC. Some of these genes may be passed down through families.

The haemoglobinopathy, SCD is a severe blood disorder that is accountable for 33.5% per 100,000 hospital admissions in the UK (Aljuburi et al, 2012). The number of admissions has seen a steady increase over the last few years. In 1910, James Herrick was first to record that a Bajan male suffered from anaemia due to sickled red blood cells however in 1949 Linus Pauling identified that there was a molecular difference in the haemoglobin of a sickled and wild-type individual (Gabriel, A. and Przybylski, J., 2010). Ingram V. made the further observation that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) resulting in valine instead of glutamic acid led to the conformational change in haemoglobin (Gabriel, A. and Przybylski, J., 2010).

The blood grouping systems commonly used include the ABO system that was first described by Karl Landsteiner. The discovery of blood grouping systems helped to avoid unnecessary death emanating from blood transfusion. The basics of blood grouping systems lie behind the inheritance of genes. The possession and inheritance of blood groups attribute to the parents who combine alleles responsible for the blood groups. The parents thus play a pivotal role in determining the blood groups of the offspring. This paper will work towards the discussion of inheritance of human blood groups.