The Genetic Modification Of Gene Technology

Genetic engineering is the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material. “If life is made of up of the same “stuff,” it should be easy to mix and match deoxyribonucleic acid from different organisms. All you have to do is cut out the DNA (gene) you want from one organism, and insert it into a new organism. This process is called genetic engineering. How to cut DNA: There are special tools that can be used to cut DNA called restriction enzymes, also known as DNA scissors, in order to combine DNA with different living things. Restriction enzymes are molecules that speed up the reaction that cuts DNA.

Genetic engineering is the alteration of an organism’s genotype using recombinant DNA technology to modify an organism’s DNA to achieve desirable traits. (OpenStax 459). The main purpose however of genetic engineering is to deepen the understanding of how genetics works, as well as how it can be applied to the rest of the world. For example growing body parts on mice, or make crops resistant to pesticides, help them grow faster, make them produce faster and much more. The process of genetic engineering according to FAO Corporate Document Repository occurs in 9 steps:

Genetic engineering is the process of manipulating genes by adding new DNA or modifying the genome (which is a made of DNA) to add new beneficial traits in that organism using biotechnology. It removes the DNA from one organism and transfers into another organism. This changes the actions of the genes to serve human goals. DNA plays a huge role in this process. It contains human’s unique genetic code and also hold the instruction to make the proteins in the body.

Every plant and animal has its own set of genomic “instructions”, which it receives from one or more parents. This set of instructions is called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and it is what allows every organism to be its own unique individual. DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell as a chromosome. A gene is a segment on a chromosome with a particular protein sequence. These genes then code for multiple proteins that are required for cell differentiation, development and/or the sustainment of life.

Genetic engineering is a process used to modify genes and transfer DNA fragments from one organism to another. The aim of this process is to add new traits to an organism or to prevent genetic disorders . Once the desired trait has been established, an organism must be obtained in which it naturally occurs. The DNA is then extracted and the chosen gene is located and copied using gene cloning .

Genetic engineering has to do with manipulating organisms and DNA to create body characteristics. The practice of genetic DNA has shown an increasing amount over the past years. The process of genetic enhancement involves manipulating organisms by using biotechnologies. The technique is by removing a DNA from one life form and transferring it to another set of traits or organism. Certain barriers are conquered, and the procedure involves changing a form of cells, resulting from an improvement or developed organism. GMO which is a (Genetic Modified Organisms) is the operation done in a laboratory where DNA genetic from one particular species or animals is directly forced into another gene from an unrelated subject of plants or even animals.

All living organisms, from amoebas to humans, have a molecular code called DNA in their cells, which instruct the activities that keep the organism alive. DNA is made up of long, twisted strands of four molecular “letters” (A, T, G, and C), which pair up according to their complementary base pairs, and their order determines how proteins — the vital molecules that perform all the major tasks in our cells — are made. (Refer to Diagram 1 to help sum up the concept.)

Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering is the alteration of genetic code by artificial means, and is therefore different from traditional selective breeding. Genetic engineering (GE) is used to take genes and segments of DNA from one species, e.g. fish, and put them into another species, e.g. tomato. To do so, GE provides a set of techniques to cut DNA either randomly or at a number of specific sites. Once isolated one can study the different segments of DNA, multiply them up and splice them (stick them) next to any other DNA of another cell or organism. GE makes it possible to break through the species barrier and to shuffle information between completely unrelated species; for example, to

Genetic Engineering (GE) refers to the direct manipulation of organism DNA to alter an organism 's specific characteristic in a way for beneficial use (Nester, 2014). The host ranges from plants, bacteria, animals, and virus. The structure of the DNA includes four nitrogenous bases, including the Adenine, Thymine, Cysteine, and Thymine (Nester, 2014). The scientist isolates a plasmid from a bacteria or yeast cell, then insert the modified DNA into the plasmid. Then the plasmid is inserted into an organism DNA with the use of a restrictive enzyme to make the specific characteristic express (Nester, 2014). Through the process of cell replication, the gene will naturally multiply in future cell generation.

     Genetic engineering is a process in which scientists transfer genes from one species to another totally unrelated species. Usually this is done in order to get one organism to produce proteins, which it would not naturally produce. The genes taken from one species, which code for a particular protein, are put into cells of another species, using a vector. This can result in the cells producing the desired protein. It is used for producing proteins which can be used by humans, such as insulin for diabetics and is also used to make organisms better at surviving, for example genetically modifying a plant so that it can survive in acidic soil.

Genetics is the foundation that controls the diversity and natural selection of the world we live in now. Each organism ranging from the smallest bacteria to the largest of animals all have genes that make up their own personal identity. Without these genes designating these identities, there would never be such things as “organisms” but rather just one organism. Genetics is vital to the world because no matter what boundaries or challenges an organism is presented with, there will always be that one organism that is genetically modified with mutations to survive and reproduce. With the technology and research we are now presented, we now have the ability to create genetically modified organisms.

Genetic engineering is the process of combining genetic traits of an organism at a cellular level. According to the book Genetically Engineered Food: Changing the Nature of Nature by Martin Teitel Ph.D., “In genetic engineering, a gene or a trait is sliced from an organism and transferred to another, in this case, a plant. To penetrate the cells of the plant, they needed something to break the barrier. This is called a vector” (8). Most vectors are known to us as bacteria and viruses. He also stated that “moving a gene around may or may not produce the same result each time because the gene and protein environment can be fantastically complex and infinitely variable. Genetic engineering is a highly imprecise practice” (Teitel 9).

Imagine if you were to see a young, newlywed couple sitting down on their sofa and flicking through a catalogue, browsing at the variety of different options available. They are daydreaming about all these different options that could potentially be a part of their future. Is this catalogue for houses? Or the latest and greatest furniture? No, this catalogue contains all the traits possibly available, phenotype and genotype that this couple wants their baby to have. This includes the gender, physical appearance, personality traits and talents that they want their baby to have. This catalogue is basically a way for parents to design their own babies by picking and choosing the traits that they want the baby to have and not have. Imagining this doesn’t seem realistic in this day and age, but this is what our world is heading towards due to enhancements in scientific knowledge, technology, equipment and experimentation. This enables these scientists to undergo the delicate process used to enhance the characteristics of the individual. This process is known as genetic engineering. The aim of genetic engineering is to add new genes that have not been found in the individual. This could involve changing a base pair A-T or C-G in the DNA. In order to do this, scientists need to alter an existing gene in an organism 's genome to make it express at a higher level. The genome is the full set of DNA, including all of the genes that the organism originally has. Each genome contains

Genetic Engineering is a process where an organism’s genetic material is altered by introducing a new DNA. It is where a gene is artificially removed from one organism and transmitted into another using biotechnology. Its goal is to provide with one or more traits that are not found in recipient organism, giving it the ability to perform a certain action, which the organism in nature cannot. DNA and proteins are very important aspects in order to understand genetic engineering. DNA is the genetic material that is found in every organism. It is located in the nucleus of every cell. It is made up of four complimentary bases, Adenine to Thymine and Guanine to Cytosine. These four bases help make the genetic code by providing information for the cell and essential proteins that an organism requires in order to survive. Some proteins act as enzymes that can help speed up the reaction. The genetic code is similar in every organism which benefits in the process of genetic engineering. When a gene is transmitted into the “recipient” organism through the means of transformation, the similarity of the code allows the “recipient’ organism to express the specific trait. Some bacteria use transformation by acquiring the naked DNA from the environment and alter their genes by attaining new traits.

Genetic engineering is using molecular biology methods to modify the genetic information of an organism. Its aims include learning about the biology of an organism and generating new or improved commercial products. Plant biotechnology is manipulating plants specifically to improve agricultural needs. GMOs or genetically modified organisms are organisms modified by genetic engineering to express desirable traits. DNA fragments containing said desirable traits and a means of introducing the DNA to the host plants is required for genetic engineering. Some common methods of introducing DNA fragments to plants include the use of viruses, chemicals, some means of physical insertion, or the use of agrobacterium.