The Goals For The Millennium Development Goals Essay

Current treatment of this disease is a complex, long process. Because of TBs notorious background of being resistant to many drugs, treatment usually consists of an antibiotic regimen lasting upwards of 6-12 months. Treatment also varies from individual to individual. Age, health, TB form, and location of infection all impact the type of treatment one is given to aide in curing the disease (MayoClinic, 2014). Regardless, treatment of this disease is not an easy task for many reasons. Compliance and patients tolerance to such a strict medication regimen for a prolonged period of time is a huge variable which decreases the likeness of successful treatment related to increased occurrences of medication side effects and missed dosages. According to World Health Organization

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection in which nodules referred to as tubercles grows in the bodies tissues, especially on the lungs. Tuberculosis is a

Tuberculosis, the white plague as used to be called once upon a time is still one of the deadliest bacterial killers affecting almost all parts, all corners of the globe. Though successful anti-tubercular antibiotic regimens and effective vaccine are available for decades and being used in the battle against Koch’s bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of this chronic multi organ granulomatous disease, our strand in the battle continuously seems to be in the losing side. Moreover the increasing prevalence of HIV-AIDS and diabetes mellitus is being proved to be providing predisposition to tuberculosis. As witnessed by the WHO, which has estimated that, in the year 2012, 8.6 million people have developed tuberculosis and 1.3 million have died of the disease including 320000 deaths of HIV-TB co-infected people (Global tuberculosis report 2013. World Health Organization; 2013). Long term antibiotic therapy and that too associated with several side effects and discomforts have diminished patient compliance with the anti-tubercular chemotherapy. This fact in turn has raised the new deadlier MDR-TB and XDR-TB strains. The whole scenario is a matter of panic and questioning the effectiveness of anti-tubercular antibiotics, immunologic efficacy of century old BCG vaccine and all other medical advents.

The social aspect looks at how TB affects the overall impact of health related quality of life. The global section looks at the barriers of governmental funds and treatment access in different developed versus developing countries. The environmental section explores the environmental conditions in where TB impacts socioeconomic factors, including income, education, housing, age, gender, and geographic distribution. The policy section explores the policy around the treatment of TB, providing distributions of policies (funding, allocative health policies and regulated health policies) and organized policymaking processes at the federal level that allow for the improvement of the health of the population.

Active disease is diagnosed with chest x-ray, skin or blood tests and sputum smears. Cat scans and MRI’s can also be used for diagnosing. Treatment for active non-resistant TB consists of the use of a two drug therapy, generally isoniazid and rifampicin. Cure rate for this strain of TB can be over 90%. Treatment for active TB is done for a minimum of six months. As a result of individuals incompletely finishing their recommended dose of anti-tubercular

Tuberculosis is one of the major causes of death from many infectious diseases (3). Out of 9 million people who are infected with mycobacteria, about 2 million deaths occur from tuberculosis every year (3). Unfortunately, the prevalence of tuberculosis is in a continuous increase due to increased number of Human immunodeificnecy virus (HIV) patients, bacterial resistance to anti-tuberculous drugs, and growing number of recreational drug users (3). The pathogen responsible for bacterial infection, potentially causing tuberculosis, is mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) (2). Persons with adequate immune system can control the bacterial infection so mycobacteria remain dormant for a long time (11). In a typical tuberculous granuloma, mature

Currently there are new drug classes that are in investigative trials. Of these, two classes (nitroimidazoles and oxazolidinones) and two medications (bedaquiline and SQ-109) have new methods of action for tuberculosis. Phase 2 trials of bedaquiline added to existing therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis have shown a substantial increase in the rate of sputum-culture conversion at 8 weeks of therapy. Phase 3 trials of each drug are underway, and manufacturers have applied for accelerated marketing approvals by regulatory agencies. Accelerated approval was recently granted by the Food and Drug Administration for the use of bedaquiline in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

For those infected, antiretroviral therapy (ART) can manage the disease by prolonging and improving quality of life, but it is not the cure. TB treatment depends on a strategy of rapid detection by sputum smear or x-ray followed by quick provision of directly observed multi-drug therapy for six months (CSIS, 2014). The spraying of insecticides as well as the introduction of insecticide treated bed bets?? have helped reduce the incidence of malaria by one third (CSIS, 2014). The use of anti-viral drug have had the dual benefit of curing the infection and reducing the blood parasites reservoir that allows further spread of the disease (CSIS, 2014). Although these infectious diseases are a global concern drug resistance is ever-present and access to effective vaccines is still not available (CSIS,

For many centuries, tuberculosis was considered a death sentence. However, the development of antibiotics and methods of controlling the disease substantially reduced its prevalence. TB is caused by a bacteria and is highly contagious as it is spread through the air. While usually a respiratory disorder that affects the lungs TB “can also affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, the kidneys, or the spine” (CDC 2012). Multidrug-resistant TB, however, is resistant to two of the most potent drugs used to contain the illness, isoniazid and rifampin (CDC 2012). Both drug-resistant and standard TB are spread in the same fashion; misuse of antibiotics such as discontinuing them

Alveolar Macrophages(AMs) are the leading defence mechanism for modulating pulmonary infections. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis(Mtb) by manipulating the unique regulatory roles of AMs, distorts their innate activities, promoting the formation of granuloma. Upon Mtb internalisation, formation of phagolysosome is detrimental for the eradication of the pathogen. Efficient operation of Mtb hijacking mechanisms against phagolysosome fusion, permits pathogen survival within the phagosome.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the second most common ancient infectious disease (Tiwari et al., 2005). It is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. Tb) which is an aerobic, intracellular pathogen inhabits in oxygen rich regions of the lungs. According to World Health Organization 9 million people affected with TB infection in 2013 and about 1.5 million patients died from this disease. Worldwide predictions for tuberculosis control are challenged by the development of drug-resistant strains, especially those that are multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR). In 2013, approximately 5% (480000 people) of TB patients were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR-TB).

Tuberculosis (TB) is a CDC (Centers for Disease Control) notifiable disease which is caused by an infectious bacterium that was discovered by a man named Robert Koch in 1882. This infectious bacterium that causes Tuberculosis is called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and is also known as Koch 's Bacillus. According to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2015), Mtb is a small, slow-growing bacterium that can live only in people. It is not found in other animals, insects, soil, or other non-living things. Mtb is an aerobic bacterium, which means

It is very important that patients with both latent TB infections and TB disease receive treatment. The treatments used for latent TB infection are isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), and rifapentine (RPT). If a patient has TB disease they are to take several drugs for at least 6 to 9 months. There are 10 drugs that are currently approved for treating TB, but the core treatments are isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB), and pyrazinamide (PZA). The completion of treatment depends on how much of the dose was ingested over a certain period of time. (CDC 2011) The treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis takes longer than other types of treatments for bacterial infections. The length of time that a patient receives treatment for disease

Drug resistance has been increasing among patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Previous miracle drugs that were used in the 1950s have now been proven useless in many cases simply because the bacteria are not susceptible to antibiotics such as isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, etc. when they are taken. This pathogen is easily transmitted through air and has the capability of attacking the respiratory system and creating fatal consequences if not treated properly. A lot of people who contribute to the antibiotic resistant statistics are those that do not take medication accordingly. Even though the bacterium may not be resistant at first, it can

In 2011, WHO estimated 12 million prevalent cases of tuberculosis worldwide, of which about 630 000 (roughly 5%) were MDR tuberculosis. The highest caseloads of MDR tuberculosis were reported in India, China, Russia, and South Africa, which accounted for more than 60% of cases worldwide. India and China have the highest number of MDR tuberculosis cases worldwide. Tuberculosis has now been made a notifiable disease in India. Drug resistance surveys in several states have indicated that the prevalence of MDR TB in India is 2–3 percent among new cases and 12-17 percent among reinfection cases. According to drug