The Great Fear Research Paper

1. Which of the following best describes how classical conditioning might be used to treat a fear of heights?

Trypophobia is a fear of multiple holes in something like skin or a plant and etcetera. People have this fear or phobia because of its irregular patterns and clusters of holes. It also reminds people of illness.This article by … on the website titled…. is about how some people might have trypophobia and why people have trypophobia.

Though the experience of phobias is relatively common and their physical characteristics are generally well understood, there is no real consensus on the neurobiological basis of phobias. Instead, there are currently several different models and theories that work to try to understand how and why phobias occur in the human brain. Most hypotheses regarding phobias take a different approach, from biological to psychoanalytic to evolutionary. Is there one model that seems "less wrong" or more satisfying in our efforts to understand the biology of phobias? Using the various models, how do phobias seem to come about? How does thinking about phobias add to our understanding of the brain and behavior?

During the early 1900’s, Russia and Red China were building up their armies to the point that America became fearful because both nations were communist nations. America is a democratic nations and it attempted to stop the spread of communism and socialism by any means. This fear of the spread of communism became known as the “Red Scare”. Therefore, Russians and Chinese citizens living in the United States targets of the American people. Thousand of communist citizens were round up and many of whom were detained of long periods without being of formally charged of any wrongdoing.

Introduction: Almost everyone has an irrational fear or two—of mice, for example, or your annual dental checkup. For most people, these fears are minor. But when fears become so severe that they cause tremendous anxiety and interfere with your normal life, they’re called phobias. A phobia is an intense fear of something that, in reality, poses little or no actual danger. Common phobias and fears include closed-in places, heights, highway driving, flying insects, snakes, and needles. However, we can develop phobias of virtually anything. Most phobias develop in childhood, but they can also develop in adults. If you

He explores such questions as: Why do we have so many fears these days? Are we living in exceptionally dangerous times? What he uncovers is that it is our perception of danger than has increased, not our actual level of risk. There are people and organizations in America that actually profit from these fears and so they create them, but there are prices we pay for social panics, including money that is wasted on unnecessary programs and products as well as time and energy spent worrying about these

Every single person in creation has heard the word “America”. Each individual on the planet has expressed emotion over hearing the term “America”. Some say even the infinite far reaches of the universe have trembled in fear of “America”. Limitless discussions were made on what immensity the country has done for the world and how much importance they have over all realm. “The Americans were first to land on the moon”, “America have just built the first nuclear reactor”. Mankind fear as well as respect the nation as being the most powerful country in the world that will rightly lead the planet into fulfillment. America today is one of the most vital pillars supporting the human race, and over time they have been evolving to further succeed in life as well as trying to push humanity a step forward into the vast, infinite sciences of the universe, trying to drive civilization into absolute attainment. You could even say that without this

Originally, Americans wanted to remain isolated from the rest of the world so they could be safe from the dangers of war and European conflicts (I can see why). At the same time, America wanted to be the role model for countries around the world, but World War II made them realize that because they are isolated by the oceans surrounding them, they can no longer serve as a model for the rest of the world. As a result, America 's postwar goal was to involve themselves in world politics to keep peace and make sure that authoritarian governments (such as the Soviet Union) would not overtake Europe (seems like they promoted war than prevented it because they provided so many weapons for other countries). However, the Soviet Union leader, Joseph Stalin, wanted to control all of Europe (just as Hitler had), with a plan to step in and take it over during a war that will occur in the future between rival capitalists, Britain and America, probably since history repeats itself (WW1 was a war between capitalists- true story). After the war ended and the restoration of Europe was in process, Stalin began to overstep his boundaries by sending troops to occupy areas that he was not permitted to (not a very smart decision from Stalin 's side), which angered America and Britain, especially since they were agreeing to his demands that were originally settled between the him and Hitler. Adding the newly-created communist

Everyone experience fear occasionally in their life, but there are some who experience fears that are so intense that their daily lives are disturbed. An extreme fear towards a specific object or situation that is relentless and illogical to the point that a person avoids confronting the situation or object at all cost is known as a phobia. This anxiety disorder can interfere with the a person’s body and mind causing severe symptoms and disturbances to one’s everyday life, eventually leading to long hours of treatment with professional helpers. Many theories have been proposed to explain how phobias have developed, but the real challenge is to propose a

Fear is something every single human being has at some point in their life. When you are in dangerous, threatening, or scary situations, fear is what your body will feel. It is the ability to identify danger and make a choice to either confront that fear or flee from the situation like for example, if you were to break a vase, you would hide from your parents. That choice is completely up to the victim, and depends on the person. Although fear is handled differently by every person, it is a common emotion that everyone feels. Some seek out to overcome their fears, and seek the feeling of adrenaline they get from overcoming. Others flee the situation and don't think twice about trying to overcome their fear. In worst case scenarios people freeze

Fear is a feeling induced by experience, perceived danger, or watching a frightening traumatic accident. The fear responses arise from the perception of danger and ultimately a change in behaviour, such as fleeing, or hiding or from perceived traumatic events. Every person has fears and different fears may be different adaptations that have been useful in our evolutionary past. I have fears too, and sometime, I feel embarrassed to intersperse my fear with others.

Whether someone with a phobia of dogs was bit, or someone afraid of heights felt their seatbelt come loose on a rollercoaster. These are all real, distinct, moments that people with phobias experience and remember vividly. Victims of Trypophobia however, typically cannot explain where their irrational fear comes from. Arnold Wilkins and Geoff Cole are two Psychology professors at Britain’s University at Essex who hope to be the first people to bring some research on the topic still in its infancy. Wilkins and Cole have investigated the visual elements behind the phobia and their study is currently under peer review by the journal Psychological Science. Wilkins and Cole compared 76 images of Trypophobic images with 76 controlled images of holes not associated with the phobia and found that Trypophobic objects share similar qualities in terms of contrast and special frequencies (“Trypophobia: Fear of Holes” 2013). However the real breakthrough in their research came when a sufferer reported that the blue-ringed octopus, one of the most poisonous animals in the world triggered his phobia. This led Wilkins and Cole to examine various poisonous animals and they found similar patterns in terms of contrast and special frequencies to the Trypophobic objects (“Trypophobia: Fear of Holes” 2013). Cole states “These findings suggest that there may be an ancient evolutionary part of the brain telling people that they are looking at a poisonous

The process of classical conditioning follows the procedure from Pavlov’s salivation experiment. Before conditioning, when a bowl of dog food is presented the dog would “naturally” salivate at the mouth “in response to food”. Because this response occurs “automatically” and “prior training” isn’t required for hunger, this reaction is called an unconditioned response (UCR) which “is the response that is naturally elicited by the [UCS]” (Powell et al., 2013, pp. 112-115). When referring to a natural response--one is referring to an elicited reaction that is characterized as “an unlearned or innate reaction to [a] stimulus” (Powell et al., 2013, p. 115). Furthermore, the dog food is considered an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), which “is a stimulus that naturally elicits a response” (Powell et al., 2013, p. 115). According to Pavlov’s experiment, when a bell chimes without the presentation of dog food, the dog will not instinctually salivate (Powell et al., 2013, p. 112). Since the bell didn’t initially “elicit salivation” naturally, it’s called a neutral stimulus (NS) (Powell et al., 2013, p. 112). However, through conditioning, as the bell tone pairs with dog food continuously, the dog begins to salivate. Finally, after the conditioning process is completed, the pairing of “food” and the bell “now elicits salivation” (Powell et al., 2013, p. 112). Since the dog’s salivation required some type of continual prompting or, “prior training”, it’s reaction is considered a conditioned response (CR) “and the [bell]” is the conditioned stimulus (CS). By definition, a conditioned stimulus “is any stimulus that, although initially neutral, comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus” (Powell et al., 2013, p. 115). Responses triggered by a

Fear can be a pleasurable experience such as riding a roller coaster, watching a horror movie or climbing treacherous mountains. Roller coasters use fear for pleasure by using the senses of falling and traveling at uncontrollable speeds to produce a rush of adrenaline. People use horror movies to stimulate fear which in turn creates pleasure due to the fact that the fear is in the confines of safety, typically only producing goose bumps or a slightly increased heart rate. Mountain climbing differs from

Thereby it is not completely clear, what the causes for phobia are. Phobia is often caused by something scary that happened earlier in somebody’s life, but not every one develop phobias after special experiences. An explanation for this could be that for some people certain parts of the brain and specific neural pathways are associated with phobias. It is