The Growth Of The Tissue

Although tissue engineers and researchers have already succeeded with creating new skin, blood vessels, bone and cartilage, the more complex organs are difficult to reproduce because of their different functions. Researchers must also be concerned with the mechanisms of growing the tissue. For instance, the advantages and disadvantages are not yet clear for the length of time the cells should be exposed to the growth factors or the difference between growing the tissue outside the body or implanting the scaffold inside the body and letting the tissue grow there. Scaffolding and injectable polymers that form scaffolds in irregular areas (like bone fractures) are also being improved. Much more research is being conducted in order to grow the hearts, livers, breasts, kidneys, and other valuable organs that so many people need.

Tissue engineering is an emerging interdisciplinary field that uses principles from engineering, biology and chemistry in an effort towards tissue regeneration. The main draw of tissue engineering is the regeneration of a patient’s own tissues and organs free from low biofunctionality and poor biocompatibility and serious immune rejection. As medical care continues to improve and life expectancy continues to grow, organ shortages become more problematic.(Manufacturing living things) According to organdonor.gov, a patient is added to the waiting list every 10 minutes and an average of 18 people die everyday waiting for an organ donation. The “nirvana” of tissue engineering is to replace the need for organ donation altogether. This could be achieved using scaffolding from

The second type of tissue found in the body is connective tissue. They lie beneath the epithelial tissue helping to connect different part of the internal structure, the cells are more widely separated from each other then in epithelial tissue. The intercellular substance known as the matrix is found in considerably large amounts. Within the matrix there are usually fibres which may be a jelly like consistency or dense and rigid depending on the type, function and positioning of the tissue. Theses fibres form a supporting system for cells to attach to. The major functions of connective tissue are to transport materials, give structural support and protection. The types of connective tissue that will be explained are blood, bone, cartilage, bone, areolar tissue and adipose tissue.

This new research uses the scaffolding technique combined with stem cells to grow a heart. The new breakthrough was made using poor quality donated hearts. There were first stripped of heart tissue, leaving only the scaffolding of the heart. All of the tissue must be gone so that a potential patient won't risk rejection.

Stem cells have the ability to grow heart cells, which can further lead to new discoveries in medicine. A team of scientists researching stem cells “has grown the earliest form of human heart cells from embryonic stem cells and found a way to direct them into the three major cell types found in the human heart”. This demonstrates the morality of stem cells because they can develop into a helpful tool to grow heart cells. Furthermore, the experiment’s goal is that “[the] lab created cells could be used to grow new heart tissue or repair heart muscle damage” (Ogilvie, 1). If people continue to put their hope in the benefits of stem cell research, then eventually it will be able to not only just grow heart cells but the tissue itself.

After patients have gone through heart disease, like any other injury, therapeutic steps must be taken. Therapy and rehabilitation of damaged hearts has been improved through the utilization of stem cells. Therapy includes strengthening of the damaged area as to prevent the incident from reoccurring and getting the patient back to their normal life. Scientists, again, used rats that had had induced myocardial infarctions. This

Rather than relying on surgical methods meant to replace these tissues, scientists are now beginning focus on new methods that actually allow the heart to repair and replace damaged tissue. In the June 29, 2006 edition of the journal entitled, Nature, Dr. Kathryn Ivey of the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease explains, “the ability of circulating cells to produce factors that are sufficient to invoke cell survival or repair responses in damaged heart cells” remains a primary objective of research cardiologists. By manipulating synthetic compounds meant to catalyze the regeneration of tissue, the new experimental method of repairing heart muscles may be able to abandon surgical procedures altogether. While the vast majority of attention is being spent on the ability to use stem cell therapy to repair congenital heart defects, some scientists are exploring alternative possibilities in organisms like the

Chen and Dragoo (2013) argue that minimal information exists concerning the administration of NSAIDs after injury and surgery. They point out that tissue healing needs many physiological routes. The authors restate that injuries like high tibial osteotomies and bone-tendon-bone anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction necessitate bone-union, whereas rotator cuff repairs, and labral repairs, and hamstring ACL surgeries rely on soft tissue-to-bone therapy. The authors pointed out that soft tissue healing is needed for extensive injuries like MCL tears and subsequent meniscal and Achilles tendon reconstructions (Chen & Dragoo, 2013). The administration of NSAIDs in orthopedic operation is contentious and a topic of ongoing

Preliminary Data 3: Tissue engineering scaffolds comprised of decellularized myocardial extracellular matrix effectively emulate the natural cardiac environment. In order to best reconstruct the damaged tissue of a heart following myocardial infarction, the chemical and biological cues that dictate cell recruitment and differentiation in the native tissues are required. Each human tissue contains its own specific combination of proteins and proteoglycans within the ECM to facilitate this process, so it serves that scaffold material obtained from the heart would best serve to reconstruct cardiac tissue (Singelyn et al. 2009). Modifying the scaffold into an injectable form would allow for the noninvasive delivery of the therapy directly to the affected site. Previous studies on the gelation of a decellularized porcine myocardium ECM scaffold have found it satisfactory in mimicking the natural environment of the heart (Singelyn

When a person smokes, the lungs’ automatic defense mechanism is to do many things such as cough to keep out the harmful particles and gases. Other defense includes “physical barriers, reflexes, the sorptive capacity of the epithelial lining, the mucociliary apparatus, alveolar macrophages” (Pulmonary Diseases). All of these defenses mentioned are extremely important because without them, our lungs would be in very bad shape from tobacco smoke.

3.???? Describe the four main types of tissue. What are the variations within each type?

This article investigated various effects of Simulated Microgravity (SMG) in mouse embryonic stem cells. The study was conducted by Yulan Wang, Lili An, Yuanda Jiang and Haiying Hang. Funding was provided by grants from the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences. This study is a follow-up study on previous ones that have been done on adult and differentiated stem cells, but this is the first to be done on embryonic stem cells. Broadly, the two cells types in mammals consist of adult and embryonic stem cells. Adult stem cells are useful in tissue renewal and regeneration after an injury. They conducted this experiment on the embryonic stem cells of mice. Many problems such as skeletal muscle atrophy, cardiovascular problems, immune system dysregulation and alterations of sleep and circadian rhythms are caused by effects of microgravity (MG) at a cellular level (Wang, et al. 2011). The reason microgravity was used is because it has been recognized as a major environmental factor. Because microgravity can only be achieved by entering space, a 3-D clinostat was used to perform the simulation. Many cells types, from bacteria to mammalian cells have been proven to be sensitive to the MG environment, based on past studies. The effects that were monitored included cell cycle distribution, cell differentiation, cell adhesion, apoptosis, genomic integrity and DNA damage repair. The cells cultured under

When cell populations are used to form tissues and organs, proper 3D systems, with clinically relevant dimensions, are required to eventually scale up these findings into effective new treatments. 6

Designing scaffolds with the mechanical and physical properties appropriate for the tissue type, specifically for the vascular system, is the most challenging part of tissue engineering. (Pluta, Malina, & Sobczak-Kupiec, 2012). No tissue can survive without being able to move and diffuse nutrients, oxygen, and waste product...So vasculturation, the process of making something vascular, is key to ensuring the long-term survival and function of engineered tissue... The tissue scaffold must be

Lately, there is an emerging innovation whereby organs are created to form and increase in size by a process of inorganic accretion, from the patient’s cell. This field of medicine is known as the regenerative medicine. In addition to this, there are basically various types of regenerative medical