The Habsburg and Ottoman Empire

After Charles was executed several political problems arose because there was no direction of settlement due to the degree and nature of the reform. As a result of this, two sides formed, the army who were religious radicals and parliament, who were after a conservative settlement. The result of the

The relationship and status of the monarchy in parliament’s eyes had already been in a state of decline even before Charles’ reign. His predecessor had been known as the ‘wisest fool in Christendom’ and there was a lot of resentment

The post-classical era in history (600CE- 1250CE) saw the rise and fall of many great empires. In the early part of the era, the Islamic Caliphates acted as a core region in the Middle East, heavily influencing the region around them. On the other side of the world, the Aztec Empire rose to power in the later part of the era with minimal trans-regional influence. Although on different sides of the world, both empires found similar ways to adapt to their diverse environments. In the post-classical era, the rise of the Islamic Caliphates and the Aztec Empire were similar in that they established cohesion through their respective cultures and used military conquest to come to power. Although there are similarities in the rise of power in the Caliphates and the Aztec Empire, there is a difference in the speed of expansion given that the Caliphates were located in a central trading region while the Aztec Empire was not.

The Ottoman Turks emerged on the periphery of the Byzantine Empire and the Saljuk Turks. Under a Turkish Muslim warrior named Osman, raids were conducted in western Anatolia on Byzantine settlements and a vast number of Turks were united under his banner. Those Turks who flocked to Osman's banner and followed him into the history books came to be called the Ottomans. The word Ottoman, fits these Turks well as it roughly translates from Turkish as "those associated with Oman."

Charles was King of the Franks, King of Italy, and the Holy Roman Emperor, a title that had ceased to exist for three centuries prior. In his reign as King/Emperor, he had the

Charlemagne, also known as Charles the great was a ruler in times of turmoil in Europe during the middle ages. Charlemagne came from a powerful family tree which made a huge impact on why he rose to power. His family history and their backgrounds is what prepared him to take on the task of becoming King of the Frankish Empire and protecting it from intruders. Charlemagne accomplished much during his reign. He focused on bringing education back into medieval Europe but, also discovered a more efficient way to govern his people. His conquests against the adversaries of the Holy Roman Empire is what lead to his expansion and spreading his Empire across most of Europe which he eventually established the Carolingian Empire in the later years of his supremacy. This also led to strong relationships with the Catholic Church and the State. Charlemagne’s goal was to spread Christianity throughout all of Europe and was willing to fight for his religion. One group in particular he fought with the most was the Saxons who he nearly eliminated their whole population.

Throughout time empires have risen and fallen and taken various approaches in doing so. Some of these society were warlike, while others focused on intellectual discovery. Among these various societies were great empires like the Ottoman, the Mughal, the Spanish, and the Ming. All four of these great empire ruled at overlapping times but all eventually fell for different reasons. All had strengths and weakness and can be used as a learning opportunity for an empire that came after them. From the Ming and the Ottoman you can learn strength such as religious tolerance and government structure. On the other hand, the Mughal and the Spanish teach us the dangers of over taxing and over centralizing government. In order for an empire to successfully function they must have an accepting culture, a balanced economy, and manageable size.

People, places, and/or things come and go, changing from one thing to another or none at all. In other cases, it is just not people, places, and/or things, it can also be generations or empires. Empires are known to adopt similar traditions or beliefs from other empires. In addition, some empires have similar, but slightly different laws and/or goals. Two of the empires that were similar, but different is many ways are the Ottoman and Mughal Empires.

At that time, Charles I was married to a Catholic woman, and thus his people did not trust him and suspected him of trying to bring them to civil war, a fight between Protestants and Catholics. Charles’ relationship with religion was a strained partnership that caused many issues and problems, and was somewhat unwieldy. In the case

During the early modern period, two great Islamic states were created. One, covered most of the Middle East, while the Balkans covered the remaining majority of India. The two major Islamic Empires, the Ottomans and the Mughals, both brought major new influences to these regions as well. The Ottoman and Mughal Empires’ influences included great political and military strength, amongst other things. During the early modern period, these two empires established very large territories and new boundaries, resembling Russia’s rule. Also similarly to Russia, both of these empires included a diverse population made up of different linguistic, ethnic, and religious groups. Both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires, while similar, followed their own, separate paths during most of the early modern period. In doing so, they avoided Western civilization and the rest of the world, for the most part. However, contact with the West did increase with time as by the late 17th to early 18th century, “a more substantial Western presence began to affect internal developments”.

The Ottoman Empire was an Islamic religion and those who practiced were called Muslims. The Ottoman Empire survived for more than five centuries. The empire represented a new phase in the long encounter between Christendom and the world of Islam. They established a system by which other religious factions my practice within the empire in exchange for a head tax. Sought to bring unity to the Islamic World and to serve as the strong sword of Islam by protecting the “strong sword of Islam. It ended the Christian Byzantine Empire by conquering Constantine in 1453. (Ways of the World 434)

During the 14th to 16th century, two main empires ruled Spain, the Ottoman and Habsburg empires. Both empires remained standing for hundreds of years before they fell. The Ottoman Empire was an Islamic empire with their population mainly consisting of Muslims. Founded in 1299, they lasted for more than 600 years with more than 30 sultans before they fell. The Habsburg Empire was a Roman Catholic centric empire founded around the 15th century and lasted for more than 400 years. Both the Ottomans and Habsburg allowed minority groups to live in their empire under their government, but had many restrictions that minimized the minority group’s freedom. The minority groups were a big factor in how Habsburg Spain and the Ottomans would maintain their empire. Although each Empire employed religion as a way to maintain their empire, the Ottomans were more successful in maintaining their empire as they used religion to create an army and gain money from the minorities.

The Ottoman empire began at the end of the thirteenth century when Othman united the decentralized, lawless clans. The expansion that occurred after the Mongols, instituted the Ottoman conquering technique, defeat than tax. Religious tolerance was granted within the empire, but there was a jizya, special tax, for non-Muslims. Every aspect of the complex Ottoman social order was connected, and Sufism was intertwined into some of the social groups, mainly merchants. The pattern of Sufism lead to kinship among the merchants which facilitated trade. With the psychological intimidation of gunpowder weapons and aggressive expansion, some of the Ottomans emperors even gained respect that rivaled Caesar’s. That respect was not only from a political view but also a religious view, for the emperor was also the pope. For the first time in Islamic history, a ruler of a primarily Muslim region had a role mirroring the Caesaropapism of Rome.

They both shared a common enemy the Catholic church (Spain), and they both acknowledge one another religious differences. Queen Elizabeth interest in the Ottomans was mostly political and commercial trade. She did not view the Ottomans as a religious threat but instead related to them more. When the Catholic church exiled England from the Catholic church, Queen Elizabeth interests in the Ottomans increased more. She saw more reason to trade with the Ottomans and continue to build an alliance with the Ottomans. The Ottomans were in a crusade against the Spaniards, so England saw an opportunity through the Ottomans to get revenge against them. They gave them military tactics in which helped the Ottomans win against southern Europe. The Sultan and the Queen both exchanged letters for an extended period of times exchanging religious beliefs in which cemented their alliance even more. The contrast between the Christofaro perspective and Queen Elizabeth perspective is that Christofaro actions were run by fear of the Ottomans. Queen Elizabeth actions were more in the effort of expanding trade and gaining a neutral understanding of each other

The rise of the Ottoman Empire started in Turkey and spread through most of the Middle East. Their military practice and successful transition to the use of gun powder made them one of the most successful ruling bodies in the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire which ruled until modern times had great influence on the Middle Eastern world. Their political and economic abilities astonished the western world. Their religious views and fears were instilled into any non-Muslim and helped the western world to find new trade. The rise of Christianity in the western world provided new ways to preserve the dead and ended the need for frankensence, the main export of the Ottoman Empire. This