The Hardy Weinberg Principle, No Natural Selection

Genetic diversity allows the population to adapt to changing environments and it contributes and adds to the gene pool.

Over five trials the average allele frequency with this change in the migration rate is 0.366.

Interpret: Select the GENOTYPE GRAPH tab. What does this graph show? For Dd genotypes, it’s was the lowest but then it started going up. All of those results, Dd genotype have the highest average.

I know that these are the organisms I randomly selected. I placed these organisms back into the living area, and mixed them all together. After that I determined the population size of this living area by randomly selecting another 25 organisms from the same area. I did this two times. In the first attempt, or group I captured 20 of these organisms, thinking I had captured all 25 organisms. Surprisingly though I captured all testers when I was hoping not to. After this was done I repeated this whole experiment over again with the second bag of lima beans. Now in this second attempt I am looking to actually capture some of the testers I have marked. In this second attempt I captured 18 of the 25 organisms. Only 8 of these organisms were my tester organisms.

Contrary to professors similar to Antfolk, Lieberman, and Santtila, Leavitt uses sources from the late nineties that argue the fact that “inbreeding effects vary with socio-environmental circumstances and the consistency of the inbreeding patterns” (Leavitt para. 9). These sources have conducted biological experiments that explain that inbreeding occurring in isolated areas may affect the reproductivity of certain individuals if they happen to inherit the harmful gene created from the inbreeding; however, the harmfulness is not passed down to the later generations. An idea is created to minimize the reproduction of destructive alleles so that it is very rare to be obtained by anyone, and this idea is that “the population must maintain a relatively

If these conditions are met for any property of a species, natural selection automatically results. And if any are not, it does not.

The ebony allele frequency increased and the wild type allele frequency decreased. The heterozygous genotype frequency remained fairly constant, the homozygous for wild type frequency decreased, and the homozygous for ebony frequency increased. The low probability of the changes in allele and genotype frequencies occurring due to chance for week 3 indicates that evolution is occurring while opposite is true for weeks 5 and 7, where the changes can be attributed to chance, meaning the null hypothesis is true for those weeks. Thus, it can be said that the hypothesis that evolution will occur can be rejected because overall it is likely that the changes in frequencies were due to chance, not evolution.

Due to the fact that out of a population of 10 bears, 60%(6/10) will become brown bears for the fact that some black bears and brown bears are producing brown bears offspring. While black bears have a 40%(4/10) to produce black bear offsprings. However we only know what is the dominant and recessive gene in the population, we don't know the frequency in which these genotypes appear. To do that one needs to use the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to figure it out, in which is define as " The mathematical relationship - under condition in which no evolution is occurring - the predicted distribution of alleles in the population"(Robert Jurmain 2013). All we to do is plug in are information into the equation(p2 + 2pq + q2) to find the

There are five conditions that must be met for a population to be in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. First off, the population must be large enough so that allele frequency does not change due to chance. Secondly, mating must be random. Also, there should be no migration where different populations can encounter. Finally, there should be no mutations and natural

The only way a population can reach Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is if the population is large, there is random mating, not mutations, not migration, and no natural selection. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is only a theory and is never found in nature. A population will undergo evolution if there is genetic drift. This changes gene frequency due to chance in a small population. Most organisms don't randomly mate, they chose a mate based on their characteristics and ability to survive. This is also why organisms go through evolution. Mutations are uncontrollable and are bound too happened to almost every species causing

Three examples of this can be counterfactual accounts, manipulability accounts, and a controlled experiment account, but only two will be discussed in further detail (Millstein, 2006). For each example heritable difference in physical traits can be seen, along with notable differences in the reproductive success, as well (Millstein, 2006). Counterfactual accounts show heritable differences and how these differences are not altered by the differences in the reproductive rates (Millstein, 2006). In this instance natural selection would favor the counterfactual account because there were no heritable differences in characteristics among individuals in the population (Millstein, 2006). If this is the case it would mean that natural selection had nothing to favor, and all of the organisms in the population would have the same genotypes, according to this model (Millstein, 2006). The manipulability account involves changing the heritable difference of the organisms within the population (Millstein, 2006). If this was done, then there would be a visible change in the reproductive success of the individuals (Millstein, 2006). With the example of the beetles studied in this particular case, they were trying to withstand different temperatures that the scientists subjected them to (Millstein, 2006). From this experiment a new beetle genotype emerged and could withstand a broader range of temperatures compared to the previous generations (Millstein, 2006). Since this occurred, according to the model, there would be an expected decrease in the reproductive rate of these particular beetles with the new genotype (Millstein,

Natural selection, a process that is believed to be the foundation of evolution, is based on five major principles according to Charles Darwin. The first principle states that in any population in nature more individuals are born than can survive. Thomas Malthus, an influential figure for Darwin, had studied population growth and discovered growth through doubling with which justifies this principle. The second principle claims that in any population in nature all individuals will exhibit physical variation. The third principle is that individuals with the best-suited traits depending on the environment will survive. The fourth principle is made up of two facts; one being that the individuals with the best-suited traits survive in greater numbers

Genetic drift results in random fixation and a decline in heterozygosity; if the alleles that are fixed are not favorable the average fitness of the individual will decline. This decline in fitness caused by genetic drift is called inbreeding depression.

The Hardy Weinberg equation predicts that the p (dominant) and q (recessive) frequencies will both equal 0.5. By having the p and q values equal 0.5, this means there is a 50% chance the offspring will be heterozygous and have the p (dominant) and q (recessive) present in their genotype, and a 25% chance the offspring will be homozygous dominant or recessive and having either two p’s or two q’s in their genotype.

In most sexually reproducing species, individuals will have different alleles to each other but have the same genes, the combination of all the possible alleles in the population is known as the gene pool. There is variation in alleles and phenotypes within the gene pool of a population due to segregation, independent assortment and crossing over between homologous chromosomes during meiosis causing the offspring to be genetically identical to its parents. In nature different environmental factors act as selection pressures for organisms and over time traits that are beneficial to the organisms survival will be selected for an increase in allele frequency, this process is known as natural selection.