The Havasupai Case Summary

Since the arrival of Columbus in 1492, American Indians have been in a continuous struggle with diseases. It may not be small pox anymore, but illnesses are still haunting the native population. According to statistics, Native Americans have much higher rates of disease than the overall population. This includes a higher death rate from alcoholism, tuberculosis, and diabetes than any other racial or ethnic group. Recent studies by Indian health experts show that diabetes among Indian youth ages 15-19 has increased 54% since 1996 and 40% of Indian children are overweight. Even though diabetes rates vary considerably among the Native American population, deaths caused from diabetes are 230 percent greater

Ethics has become an important mainstay to conduct efficient and purposeful research. The ethical researches involving Indigenous population had been increased over the last two decades and there is neither any discussion nor dissipation about the result findings with the population being researched (Stewart et al., 2006). Thus, the critics as well as the Indigenous population had always raised a question about the benefits, methods and ethical issues of research involving Indigenous population (Willie et al., 2004). However, numerous principles have been formulated to preserve the rights of people from being exploitated, out of which, The Nuremberg code (1949) was the first followed by the World Medical Association Declaration

Many Alaskan Natives and Native Indians, also known as American Indians, share the same or similar views on health and medicine. Their definition of “traditional medicine” incorporates medicine and religion, various chants and rituals, and being one with Earth (Broome, B., Broome, R., 2007). “In the United States we are challenged to think about health care from our tradition as a cultural melting pot. Therefore, we must address the large range of individual health care needs from populations living the inner-city and suburbia to those in rural environments.” (O 'Brien, Anslow, Begay, Pereira, & Sullivan, 2002). It is important for healthcare workers to understand the views of American Indians in order to integrate their traditional medicine as well as western medicine. Examining areas such as common health conditions, treatments, and attitudes towards health, natural and alternative health will lead to a better capability of providing culturally competent care.

Justice represents two rights; the right to fair treatment and the right to privacy. The right to fair treatment consists of being treated in a nonjudgmental, nonprejudiced manner and with respect. Those that do not complete the experiment cannot be denied treatment that may be established from the information gathered, nor can they be denied treatment if they seek outside treatment. The right to privacy provides limits that “their research is not more intrusive than it needs to be, that

A misstep Jillian took in the science research was taking the process to start as an urgency with the Havasupai tribe. More specifically, she rushes the process of filling out the documents for the tribe to agree with, displayed in this scene: pg.12 "...In the meantime, I'll get those documents for the tribe to the IRB-stress the / urgency that we begin...". Furthermore, Jillian made this mistake by pushing the study to the tribe and not giving them time to make a decision. She kept trying to persuade the tribe to give blood sampled by explaining how the research will be beneficial to science and the health of the tribe. Jillian kept interrupting with scientific criticisms during her meeting with Arella, the translator of the tribe, in pg.30. Jillian should've

320 U. S. 81, 320 U. S. 105, does not constitute a jurisdictional bar to this current Court's choosing applicant's test to his burglary conviction, since the potential outcomes of unfavorable security impacts to him from that conviction give the case an enemy cast and make it justiciable. Pp. 395 U. S. 787-791.

In order to successfully treat the tribes, historical knowledge should be combined with evidence-based practices, science-based medicine and measurement-based care. The 2016 National Tribal Behavioral Health Agenda states that, “scientifically rigorous assessment of efficacy and effectiveness must always be respectful and culturally competent – reflecting each tribal communities’ and their individual members’ concepts of illness and treatment objectives – in order to extend to tribal communities the same entitlement to high-quality, evidence-based practices for which other parts of the United States health system are increasingly held to account.” The American Psychological Association calls for the integration of cultural beliefs, values and preferences in the treatment process, and is considered a good example for integrated behavioral health

I believe that increasing the autonomy that individual Indigenous communities have over their health care system needs to happen to incorporate all the diverse Indigenous cultures. We have seen in this class that when it comes to Indigenous peoples health issues’ need to be addressed by whole cultural communities rather than dealing with one individual wounds (Chandler & Dunlop, 2015). This is largely due to the shared cultural wounds communities have from colonization, residential schooling, and dispossession of knowledge (Wexler, 2016). For example, diabetes prevalence rates amongst Indigenous peoples across Canada have increased by 70% over the past 15 years (Martin, 2016). However, prior to the 1980s there was no reported incidences of diabetes for Inuit peoples and none for First Nations prior to the 1950s (Martin, 2016). Similarly, in Northwest Alaska, where suicide is a big issue amongst the Indigenous communities, there were no recorded youth suicides until the 1960s (Wexler, 2016). Therefore, allowing communities to make their own decisions would also prevent a potential mistake of painting all Indigenous communities in Canada with the same brush to arrive at a one-size-fits-all approach (Chandler & Dunlop, 2015).

Native American views on medicine and healing are largely based on the idea that all living things are interconnected and that the mind, body, and spirit of humans are not to be treated separately. In essence, spirituality is at the core of the human and must be treated along with any physical ailments that may arise. Traditional views are based on cultural practices, rituals, and myths from their own beliefs and customs within the culture. In contrast, Western medicine is highly mechanistic, focusing on the scientific model to heal and cure diseases in the physical body. These highly differing views on healing can result in humiliation, disrespect, and embarrassment to Native American people while in a healthcare environment. Therefore, it is important for medical professionals that work with the Native American community to

Therefore in order to address this key issue, the author proposes to breif students of the intended research aims at the beginning of a lecture and provide the benefits and potential harms of taking part in the study. Additionally, participants will also be informed of the right to withdraw from the study at anytime without prejudice or impact on their studies. As Dyson & Norrie (2013) recommends the explanation should be carried out in a simplistic way, so that participants can understand and ask questions, in order to provide informed consent. It is important to note as per the RCN (2011) guidelines, at no point will the researcher make the individuals feel pressured or coerced into taking part in this study. The next paragraph will now consider how this carrying out this research is relevent to

The participants were adequately informed of the study being performed and were able to decline to participate in the interviews. The participants were ensured all personal information would be kept confidential (Zamanzadeh, Valizadeh, Lotfi, & Salehi, 2015).

Ethical dilemmas arise with establishing a “shared cultural identity” to federally recognized tribes. According to Larsen and Walker, giving authority to close relatives over the disposition of human remains is a culturally accepted universal. However, ethical issues arise when deciding authority to individuals who are distantly related to the human remains, which often spans over hundreds and thousands of years. Larsen and Walker noted that NAGPRA only grates authority to federally recognized tribes, and provides no recognition to other Native American tribal entities who are not federally recognized. In addition to non- federally recognized tribes not having recognition under NAGPRA, Larsen and Walker state that many groups encourage universal

Throughout medical history, the collecting of human tissue samples has been utilized for many years and has lead to the acceleration of medical knowledge, however, this practice presents a debate about whether it is correct to use human tissue samples. Without legal documentation in place, scientists may exert control over the samples without alerting the patients. The collection and usage of human tissue samples without the patient’s consent has many issues surrounding the moral and ethical attributions of this practice which raises questions about the rights of the patient because without the knowledge of the crime, they would not have legal ownership or control over their tissue.

Mustika Ratu has averted this crisis through cautious investment of the proceeds of their Initial Public Offering as shown in Appendix (Exhibit 8). They have held the plan for further expansion of manufacturing facilities and construction of packaging and labelling materials production facilities and the containers were redesigned to reduce the plastic

Initially, the highest responsible head of the municipal social service organization was contacted by email with information about the study and a question if hen approved for the researcher to conduct the study within the local municipal social service organization. When the highest responsible manager approved by answering the email, an email was sent out to prospective participants with a letter explaining the purpose of the study and an offer to participate. In those cases, the informant had a manager that had to be informed an email was sent to get an additional consent. Each participant was contacted and a convenient location and time for the interviews were determined when it was clear that the informants wanted was allowed to participate in the study. Before the interviews took place the informants were given oral and written information about the study. In the information, it was stated that they participated by one free will on a voluntary basis and therefore could say no to further