The History Of Geographic Information Systems ( Gis )

The concept of statistics is useful and necessary in many situations that we encounter on our daily life. Every morning when you walk out from your house do you wonder, what the weather will be like today, for the week or even for the month? Meteorologist use computer models that are built using statistics to help predict the future of the weather. Their main function is to gather and study data from past weather and identify the best indicators that will prognosticate a more accurate weather forecast. Using these statistical procedures are a great way to calculate the maximum temperature that will be on a specific day and place. By gathering together the wind velocity, direction, the amount of humidity, and cloudiness you can use this data

- One of the few countries in the world that combines a two-party system with a presidential form of government. Most former British colonies with single-member districts and strict two-party system have a parliamentary form of government.

Climate change data was collected from the IPPC AR4 General Circulation Model (GCM). The GCM is regionally dependent and shows the different mixes of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. (Sheffield & Wood, 2007, p.81) The simple mutlicalar drought index (SPEI) is used to show the climatic water balance. Monthly or weekly difference physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) and precipitation and is calculated at different times. (Vicente-Serrano, Beguería, & López-Moreno, 2009, p. 1699) Streamflow data was obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey Hydrological Climate Date Network (HCDN). (Regonda, Rajagopalan, Clark, & Pitlick, 2004, p.374) Snowfall data is gathered from surveys that were performed by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and precipitation data was gathered from the National Weather Service Cooperative Network. (Regonda, Rajagopalan, Clark, & Pitlick, 2004, p.375)

The history of the Topographical Engineers defines and highlights many changes in the Army over the years. The resources and assets provided over the years has changed in some dynamics. Engineers have always and will always provide many needed skill sets. Engineers have been the driving force through the years for the military. It has been the engineers that provided an unexplained amount of capabilities to the battlefield. Those capabilities were not just limited to war though. The contributions of the engineers have been used on the civil side during times of peace as well. The engineers have always provided an ever evolving skill that is in broad use in multiple ways. Topographical Engineers saw many changes in the early years leading to the engineers of today. Those changes have in no way changed the mission set forth in the beginning by the Topographical Engineers, to the current mission of the Corp of Engineers today. In all those changes and restructure engineers still and will always be one of the greatest assets the Army has at its disposal.

Thank you for sharing your thoughts and reply on the video of place history by Davenhall. According to Davenhall, health outcomes are affected by the geographic location of where we spend our time in (2009). Our health depends and is greatly affected by the air we ingest, water we drink, and food we eat (Davenhall, 2009). I really enjoyed your post because you were very outspoken on how you feel and I definitely agree with your opinions. The more population and crowding there is, the bigger health pollution and carbon footprint. Although it may not always be our choice and life circumstance do not always let us choose our place history, considering our choices wisely will have our body thanking us later in the future. According to Kjellstrom

applying physical and mathematical relationships and sophisticated computer models to make short and long-range weather forecasts;

Geographers use a lot of different types of maps to compare. There are a lot of maps such as Climate, Economic Activity, and more. The reason why Geographers use a lot of different types of maps because they all affect each other in other large ways. But also relates to each other Geographers use other different maps for different reasons.

Chapter 13 of the textbook Meteorology Today, covers Weather Forecasting. This chapter topic is one of intrigue and could also provide a source of clarity since it is directly related to the 30-Day Forecast Accuracy Weather Analysis assignment due in week seven.

From weather we can have a BBQ this weekend to weather we can go sledding. People aren’t sure what weather sources are predicting the weather correctly. Many people use the weather channel. TV forecasts are the ones that over predict the most.

The physical geography in Switzerland plays a key role in the life of everyday citizens, from the climate, to the biome, to the significant landforms, to features that impact everyday life. Moving on to the mountainous terrain of Switzerland, where visitors see a climate that reacts to the elevation, the highlands, that brings lots of precipitation. This results in Switzerland gets 1000 to 1500 millimeters of precipitation a year. The elevation will affect the temperatures, the temperatures for the summer are pretty cold 41 degrees Fahrenheit to 56 degrees Fahrenheit; the temperatures for winter is 25 degrees Fahrenheit to 41 degrees Fahrenheit. This makes transportation to places during the year harder; meaning there has to be many winter

Meteorologists often rely on massive computers program called numerical weather prediction models to help them decide if the condition will be right for the development of tornadoes. The computer forecast models are designed to calculate the atmosphere at a certain point over a large area, from Earth’s surface to the top of the atmosphere. This weather data forecast by the numerical computer program will give meteorologist a lead time that can be announced to the affected neighborhood.

Meteorologists use data initialization to create balance in the data presented to the model. Another data anomaly is from data being collected away from the center of a grid. Numerical models use grids, a three-dimensional divide of the atmosphere, to make their forecasts. The middle of these grids is called a grid point. Sometimes the data is not collected at this grid point but at another point in the grid. To even out this data from different locations to use in forecast meteorologists use a process called interpolation. Using interpolation and data initialization to balance data is a process called data assimilation. Some of the methods used to check data include checking if a station always reports wrong data, if the data deviates from what is expected through short term forecasts and checking the data against other data observed near by. Of course they also check if the data falls out of any ranges that are possible to be observed in that area. This data is then used in the numerical weather prediction start point, which is in turn used to forecast weather. Recently data assimilation has become useful with satellite data when surface observations are not

Bibliography- Work, Amy, and Anne Haywood. "From Whales to Waste: Costa Rica's Community Residents Apply Geospatial Technologies to Solve Local Problems." Directions Magazine. Directions Magazine, 3 June 2015. Web. 26 Feb. 2017.

The Philippines connected to the internet in 1994 via the Philippine Internet Foundation (PHNet), the first internet service provider in the country. Penetration increased slowly until 2005, when Executive Order 109 was enacted calling for the expansion of telecommunication services to underserved areas, which in turn promoted competition in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector. Internet use further accelerated after 2008 with the entry of a number of industry players, although the use of mobile phones has remained more widespread. Penetration of such technologies is higher in urban areas where middle- to upper-income classes are concentrated.

“In the context of urban history, infrastructure can make or break a community. In the United States, the historical development of urban infrastructure has both formed and followed the inscriptions of race, class, and gender on the urban landscape. Ample in more affluent communities, usually absent or minimal in historic concentrations of urban poverty, infrastructure does not serve its public equally. Some cities have a more equitable distribution of infrastructure than others, but many urban neighborhoods remain woefully underserved,” (Avila 4-5). My hometown of Tolleson, Arizona is a small city of six thousand, five hundred residents with a predominantly Mexican population, with nearly 78% of the residents declaring themselves as Mexican in the 2010 census. The focus of my research will be on the power of Latinx representation Latinx-majority cities’ governments, using Tolleson as a special case study, whose city council is majority Mexican.