The History Of Han China

For example, in Confucianism, the government is designed around a ridged hierarchy. For a Confucian society to function properly, everyone must understand their rank and act accordingly. Citizens were required to put blind faith in and pledge unwavering loyalty to their superiors and government. In the same way, in an effort to improve the overall strength of society, the Communist Party of China (CPC) ranks their interests above the interests of their citizens. Given this superior mindset, the government feels duty bound and even righteous in their punishment of journalists whose writings may endangers the party’s continuation. Recently, French journalist, Ursula Gauthier, was forced to leave China after writing an investigative piece about a Muslim region in western China. From a western perspective, this banishment seems completely unjustified as openness to new and old knowledge is celebrated as is dissent, investigation, and inquiry. But, considering the CPC’s singular focus on their notion of societal good, this decision is understandable, if not valid. In

The Han dynasty was a golden era for China. It saw the greatest land confiscation of the nation’s history and economic success. In this paper I will be focusing on the structure of the national government, the monopolizing of iron and salt, the Yumen Pass and the Yellow Turban rebellion. Join me as we take a trip back in time to visit a time in Chinas history that is highly revered.

The most alarming similarity between Nazi Germany and Modern China is that they both featured/feature an overtly racist government policy towards its minorities, most notably Jews, in the case of Nazi Germany, and Uighurs, in the case of China. Uighurs are a non-Han (Chinese majority) indigenous population of the Xinjiang Province of China. Since coming under Communist rule in 1949, they have claimed autonomy from the Chinese government and distinction from its people. They are distantly related to the Turks and most practice Islam. In fact, Uighurs constitute half the entire Muslim population in China. They have their own Turkic based language, with the written portion based on Arabic letters. The word “Uighur” means “unity” or “alliance”

Today, in the oil-rich Xinjiang Province of Northwestern China, millions of Turkic-speaking Uyghurs live in constant fear. Beards and headscarves banned. Mosques barred from broadcasting the azan, the Islamic invocation of prayer. Unjustified rape of Uyghur women. Protesting for basic human rights gets you written on a list of pan-Turkist counter-revolutionaries. Receiving phone calls from foreign relatives gets you a visit from the secret police. And still, to the apparent dismay of the CCP, the ethnic identity of Uyghurs still exists, after decades of state-sponsored repression. Why do the Uyghurs vehemently oppose Han Chinese integration? Why has the CCP taken unprecedented steps to forcibly assimilate ethnic Chinese Muslims? The creation of a nationalist Han Chinese identity grounded in an atheist communist state in 1949 engendered conflicts with Chinese ethnic Muslim minorities, due to failed coercive integration and assimilation efforts and socioeconomic policy.

The Ming dynasty was the center of the Asian world controlling a vast territory from the edge of the Tibet in the West to the Pacific Ocean in the East; Manchuria and the steppes in the North to Vietnam in the South. It received, according to Ming official records, tribute from 1,800 tributary states some of which were Korea, Vietnam, Java, Sumatra, the Philippines, Thailand, and Borneo. The large population of China was part of a huge Chinese economy that dealt with silk, grain, porcelain, cotton, and indigo through trade with tributary states as well as faraway lands such as India. The late Ming dynasty appeared strong as ever from the outside but the Manchu would expose the weakness of the Ming and conquer them.

The violence that is occurring in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region amongst the Uyghurs and the Han-Chinese, stems from the conflict and debate between the Uyghurs and the People Republic of China (PRC) in 1975. According to Gardner Bovington, there is a diverging perspective on the history of Xinjiang; to the Chinese historical perspective, in 1795, once the “Qing general conquered the vast territory […it became] an integral piece of Chinese national territory” (Bovington 2). While to the Uyghurs, such concurring of land did not occur, allowing the Uyghurs to believe that they are still a “distinct […] nation, with its own rightful homeland, history, culture, and language” (Bovington 2). Although both of these perceptions, to the individuals,

Under the rule of Liu Bang, the Han dynasty (202B.C.E. - 220 C.E.) was one of the world’s largest and wealthiest empires. Among its achievements were improvements to the imperial administration, urban culture, technology and commerce. The dynasty was so successful that the people began to call themselves the Han people. Emperor Gaozu formerly known as Liu Bang , changed the bureaucracy and strict laws by lowering taxes, implementing less severe punishments and allowed Confucian scholars to serve as state officials. At first government officials were asked to recommend young men to join the government but eventually the emperor started an imperial university in order to pick better candidates for the job. These candidates eventually had to master Confucian and pass a test to join the government and over time provided a government of scholarly Confucian officials. In addition to the Confucian government, China’s army was massive. Under the rule of Han Martial Emperor (141-87B.C.E), the empire expanded its army 3000 miles east to west and 2000 miles north to south encompassing 60 million people. This expansion included North Vietnam, Northern Korea, southern Manchuria and west into Central Asia. Unfortunately, the amount of taxes needed to keep an army this size supported drained the Chinese resources.

Conservative is oftentimes used to describe the structure in which Ancient Chinese society is built upon and what modern Chinese society thrives upon. The “desire to maintain or restore the values and institutions of the past” (Harding, 2008) is conspicuously the prevailing value in Chinese culture. Indeed, according to the “voting results of the... Supreme People's Procuratorate of China” (Song, 2013), only 8% of the population are liberal, about 54% are neither liberal nor conservative and about 38% are conservative (Song, 2013). Thus, they believe in national unity, state sovereignty, more government intervention, traditional values and wisdom, and Confucianism (Pan, 2015). It is not to say that the Chinese culture should be regarded with

Mao’s conception of democracy was built on the principle of popular dictatorship, in which the party would establish leadership through constant attention to the masses. Over time, Mao Zedong was able to expand his image as an object of reverence; subsequently Mao urged society to be immersed in Maoist thought to the degree in which Maoism could be considered a faith. His philosophy was evident in the treatment toward those who deviated from party policy or strayed from the party values. Self-criticism campaigns were formed with aims to convince people of their errors in their opinions or behaviors. Maoism cultivated a sentiment of traditional ideas of the emperor as a religious figure, and it is very evident throughout Chinese history that this “faith” dictated much of not only the government and the economy, but also society as a whole. This is evident as we can see his image on every banknote, along with his portrait hanging at the entrance to the Forbidden City, portraying him as the nation’s father. Current President Xi Jinping even continues to emphasize the CCP’s Maoist origins, reinforcing the idea that there is simply no escaping from Mao

Asia has many countries in its region. To Afghanistan and India all the way to the ends of Russia. However, this won’t be about the other forty-seven countries in Asia’s entire region. It will only be about one, and that country will be about China. A land rich with culture, history, and many parts of geography all on its own.

China’s history dates back to four thousand plus years. In that time, China has created a culture rich in philosophy and the arts. China has made amazing technological advances such as silk, paper, gunpowder, and many other products. Chinese records reach over five thousand years back. It is difficult to cover even the most important events of this old society in a short space, yet here are some highlights. The first dynasty to rule China was the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE), followed by the Xia dynasty (2200-1700 BCE), established by Emperor Yu, and after that the Zhou Dynasty (1122-256 BCE). Historical records are hard to find for these times in the world in which China had these dynasties. In 221 BCE, Qin Shi Huangdi took the throne, destroying neighboring city-states, and binding China together as its own. He established the Qin Dynasty, which kept going until 206 BCE. Today, he is best-known for his complex tomb in Xian (in the past Chang 'an), which houses the fantastic armed force of the terracotta warriors. Qin Shi Huang 's awkward term was toppled by the armed force of normal man Liu Bang in 207 BCE. Liu then established the Han Dynasty, which kept going until 220 BCE. In the Han period, China extended west all the way to India, opening an exchange of goods along what might later turn into the Silk Road. At the point when the Han Empire broke down in 220 CE, China was tossed into a time of political worry and confusion. For the following four centuries, many

China’s long and rich history had covered numerous inventions that are still used today. One of these inventions is paper. In 105 A.D, paper making was invented. It was during the reign of Eastern Han Emperor Ho-di when Ts’ai Lun, an official of the Imperial Court, reported that he produced a sheet of paper by cutting the bark of a mulberry tree and breaking it down into fibers. Because of this, he received many compliments for his ability. His invention became popular and was often cited as the “paper of Marquis Tsai.”

The region of Xinjiang was under the rule of the Chinese government in the 18th century. An East Turkestan state was declared in 1949 but their independence was short-lived and became part of the Communist China. Xinjiang is a region is home of the ethnic Muslim minority called Uighurs who chafed under Chinese rule and protested the steady influx of ethnic Chinese into the region. There was tension between he Uighur population and Han Chinese ethnic western China that resulted in violence and terrorism. For many years, many Uighurs and other Muslim minorities in Xinjiang have agitated against China authoritarian government. The Uighurs protest to oppressive official policies, religious restrictions and widespread discrimination. At any rate, there are multitude of reasons for the conflict that exists between the Uighurs and the Han Chinese, such as conflicts over political religion and natural resources (mainly oil), as well as the struggle for regional

It is argued that the students in China could become more united and patriotic if there were only pro-government statements on the media. The Chinese government displays its opinion by modifying negative news and enforcing the statements of the ideal Chinese Communist Party, it propagates the Chinese youth that the authority is superb. Consequently, citizens would become patriotic and collective. Nevertheless, the restrictions on the freedom of speech prevent students’ ability to express their own opinions and critical thinking. At the current situation, general Chinese citizens are unaware of some significant facts, because the government converts the truth and eliminates some of the information (Harvey 2013). For example, the terms which relate to Tiananmen Crackdown and Tibet independence are eliminated while the government allows the Internet to expose articles about any types of crimes and anti-Japanese (Mackinnon 2009). Subsequently, the knowledge of international or domestic events would be scarce for the Chinese youth that including the intellects of diverse religions, historical, and global affairs. In addition, the party already has deprived the possibilities of freedom of creativity, since the authority charges people who express their opinions involving the con-party messages, those people include some artists and writers. (Lu 2015; China Study Group 2013 cited in Gomez

Archaeology has allowed society to gain a vast understanding of past cultures and behaviours over thousands of years ago. Scientific research has allowed us to widen our knowledge on humans and their past interaction. Through the excavation of the Terracotta army, many insightful secrets have been uncovered. Buried in a large mausoleum over 2200 years ago, the site reveals past hints of cultures and beliefs during the ancient civilisation of China, although techniques need to be implemented to better preserve one of the rarest ancient treasures and evidence that remains. The Terracotta warriors are an army of clay built by the ancient emperor Quin Shi-Huang. When excavating the site many significant items have been found that have provided scientists with lots of research. Many problems have been evidently found while excavating and a few controversies have been sparked.