The History Of Los Angeles

Countries were becoming independent all throughout Latin America during the 1800s. The people of the United States expected great things of these freshly independent countries. Of these countries was Mexico, which achieved independence in 1821. Americans were excited when Mexico gained its Independence. They assumed great things were to become of the country. Mexico had an abundance of resources and even more land. Expectations became a harsh reality for Mexican California. The transition from colony to republic proved to be a difficult one. Although the era of independence can be described in so many words, it is important to acknowledge the unstable, vulnerable, exploitative aspects of Mexican California.

The aftermath of the war had great affects on Mexico's and Americas government. The war officially ended on February 2, 1848, when Mexico agreed to sign the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The terms of the treaty were set by the United States after winning the war, the treaty added land the makes up present day Arizona, California, New Mexico, Colorado, Nevada, Utah , and Wyoming. Additionally, the U.S paid $15 million and

Signed on February 2, 1848, in Guadalupe Hidalgo, a city north of the capital. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed by the U.S. and Mexico. The United States appointed Nicholas P. Trist, a citizen of the United States and the Mexican Republic has appointed Don Luis Gonzaga Cuevas, Don Bernardo Couto, and Don Miguel Atristain. This Treaty, brought to an end the Mexican American War. Bringing peace between the two countries. The U.S. called for Mexico to cede 55% of its territory, extending the boundaries of the United States by over 525,000 sq/m. This newly acquired land is what is known as present day Texas, California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado,and Wyoming. In exchange for this land, Mexico received a $15 million compensation.

California was ruled by the Spanish until the early 1800 's. Around 1822, news that Spain was backing away from its northern colony reached California and led to some unrest and revolt. The state became fully independent in 1836 and bears the Red Lone Star Flag which contained a single red star on a white background.

The Spanish in contact with California occurred in the mid 1530s when Cortez’s men ventured to Baja California. They began to sail north to Alta California and established 21 missions. The expedition to Alta California was the last greatest expansion of Spain’s empire in North America. The missions were a series of religious and military settlements established by the padre. The Spanish constructed the missions to gain control and power over the land in California. San Francisco Solano Mission was the last mission established in Sonoma, the Valley of the Moon, resulted an important historical event in California and the existence of the California flag. The Spanish arrival to California created a major impact to the lives of the native Indians, and there were many significant events occurred among the Spaniards, the native Indians, and the Americans before California became a part of America.

that President Polk had no right to do what he did. It is said that

The U.S. tried two times to buy land from Mexico and they refused both times. In 1835, the U.S. gave an offer to buy California from them for 5 million dollars, and in 1845 the U.S. offered to purchase New Mexico and California for 25 million dollars an they still refused. The California Influence is a big part of the Mexican-American War. Many Americans moved there because President Polk wanted California to be a part of the U.S..

because the need for access to the Pacific Ocean for trading. In 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe was signed. For 15 million, Mexico ceded more than one-third of its territory and the U.S. acquired all of Arizona north of the Gila River (McClory, 2001). Unfortunately, southern Arizona still was in control by Mexico, which included Tucson. Arizona and New Mexico became one territory called the Territory of New Mexico. Soon after, the United States paid another 10 million for 30,000 square miles of the Mexican territory that included Tucson. Congress thought the purchase was meaningless because it was just desert land. The Gadsden Purchase gave the final boundary that Arizona has today. In 1860, along with the constitution, a governor and other elected officials were established. That was unfortunately short lived because of the Civil War. In 1862, Union troops entered the state and placed it under martial rule, this action further delayed Arizona’s official admission as a state (McClory, 2011).

John L. O’Sullivan wrote,”The Anglo-Saxon foot is already on California's borders….armed with the plough and the rifle.”(Doc A Paragraph 3). Even before gaining Texas from Mexico, America already was preparing to take California away as well. President Polk sent a man named John Slidell to Mexico to try and buy California. At that same time he has sent troops into southern Texas, this combination of events angered the Mexican government and therefore they asked Slidell to leave Mexico City.

After being discovered by Portuguese explorers sailing under the Spanish flag Juan Rodrigues Cabrillo named the area San Miguel (estimated year: 1499-1543 ). It wasn’t until 1602 that San Diego got its namesake. Spain sent mapper Sebastian Vizcaino to map the California coast and

Even with laws in place that threatened deportation if American immigrants did not adopt Mexican citizenship, Pico still felt useless. Pico’s fear increased shortly after American troops invaded California. Pico not able to gather sufficient men determined that his situation was hopeless and decide to flee to Mexico. Before Pico even left he decided to sell some of his land including Catalina Island at a low price in order to raise money for the war and to keep as much land as possible out of the hands of Americans. Selling his land did not benefit him in any way. Pico mentioned that if he had stayed the American people would not have treated him kindly. Eventually, Mexico lost some of its southern territories to the United States. In 1848, Mexico ceded Alta California to the United States. Shortly after, Pico returned to his home in Los Angeles after having fled. He lived as a private citizen and as a Los Angeles City Councilman. Pico owned “El Ranchito” located in Whittier and big home with that view of the Los Angeles Plaza. In 1884, a flood destroyed “El Ranchito” forcing him to mortgage his surviving homes in order to rebuild “El

Divisions over oppression in locale grabbed in the Mexican-American (1846-48). War were resolved in the Compromise of 1850. It involved laws yielding California as a free state, making Utah and New Mexico areas with the point of subjugation in each to be controlled by standard force, settling a Texas-New Mexico farthest point banter in the past's bolster, completing the slave trade Washington, D.C., and making it less requesting for southerners to recover criminal

This paper will discuss the impact Spanish colonization and Mexican control had on the indigenous Indian population in California between 1769 and 1848. As well as discussing the historical origins, social organizations, material conditions, and world-view of the California Indians prior to 1769, this paper will explain the impact of New Spain’s Mission System on the Alta California Indian population between 1769 to 1821 and the response of its system by the Indians.

Throughout California’s history, we have seen many events that have helped shape the state it is today. I’ve chosen the theme of interaction and conflict for the reason that California is home to many migrants and different backgrounds from around the world. The interaction between the different groups often would end in some sort of conflict. With such large diversity, we tend to see interaction between the different groups, but also a lot more conflict.

Out of Sight: The Los Angeles Art Scene of the Sixties is a 320 page art history book. The book was written by William Hackman and published in 2015 by Other Press. William Hackman was a longtime arts journalist and former managing editor for publics affairs at the J. Paul Getty Trust. Prior to being an editor, he was a reporter for Time Magazine reporting primarily arts & entertainment, education, and business stories. Hackman was well versed in the subject of art and considered a well-known authority on the subject. His work has appeared in major American newspapers and magazines, including the Chicago Tribune and the Los Angeles Times.