The History Of Quantum Computing

Ceramics Engineering-- the industry that Materials Technology Corporation, or "MTC" is a part of-- is a multi-billion dollar a year industry. Because ceramics can be manufactured to have unique combinations of strength, weight, thermal and magnetic conductivity, and deformability, they have countless uses in industries such as aerospace, biomedical, automotive, and electrical. With an unlimited number of such combinations, it is possible to create a material that exactly suits a given situation.

The nichrome wire is silver with a sort of rusty brown color on portions of it and is not slightly shiny. When the nichrome wire was put into the heat (bunsen burner), the flame turned from blue to orange, and the wire began glowing orange in the part touching the flame. This was a physical change because the only thing that changed was the color was changed but went back to normal, thus indicating that the composition has not changed.

Quantum Mechanics is the science of subatomic particles and their behavior patterns that are observed in nature. As the foundation of scientific knowledge approached the start of the twentieth century, problems began to arise over the fact that classic physical ideas were not capable of explaining the observed behavior of subatomic particles. In 1913, the Danish physicist Neils Bohr, proposed a successful quantum model of the atom that began the process of a more defined understanding of its subatomic particles. It was accepted in the early part of the twentieth century that light traveled as both waves and particles. The reason light appears to act as a wave and particle is because we are noticing the

If something like that can destroy a copper cable, imagine what could happen to a fiber cable, which is made out of glass.

Over the course of the last 5000 years, mankind’s knowledge has been constantly advancing. Chemistry, a branch of science, has experienced a tremendous leap and expansions since ancient Greek civilization. One of the major breakthroughs in the advancement in Chemistry was the creation of the Atomic theory, which laid a foundation for the modern-day Chemistry and future of science. The Atomic theory introduced the idea of atoms, which are defined as the discrete units of matter. There are five key scientists that significantly contributed to the Atomic model over a span of thousands of years. They are: Democritus, John Dalton, J.J. Thompson, Ernest Rutherford, and Niels Bohr.

I am a non-terminating senior at Fordham University pursuing both a physics, and a joint mathematics and computer science degree. I’ve chosen to apply to contribute to Cornell’s CNF and PARADIM REU program because of my interest in the intersection of experimental condensed matter physics and nanotechnology. Since May of 2016, I have been doing an independent study on quantum computation with the assistance of two advisors. Among learning about the many facets of quantum computation, my obligations also include developing computer programs using both python and C++ to simulate quantum computational phenomena, seeking contemporary advancements in this field, and presenting short talks on quantum computational phenomena. In particular, I had

Alan Mathison Turing was born in Paddington, London on June 23, 1912. At a young age he displayed many signs of high intelligence. When his parents and teachers saw this, they sent him to the very prestigious Sherborne School at only thirteen years old. There, he studied math and science which sparked his interest for computers and coding. After finishing his studies at Sherborne, he enrolled at King’s College, or what is now known as the University of Cambridge. As he attended school there from 1931 to 1934, he developed a certain respect for physics and, more specifically, quantum-mechanics in which he proved the central limit theorem. His accomplishment was so massive that he graduated as a fellow at the school. Alan Turing, using his extensive

An Atom is the the basic building block of all matter. Atoms are made up of Particles, called: Protons, neutrons and Electrons. Protons carry a positive charge, the neutron carry 's a neutral charge and the electron carry’s a negative charge. The Atom has two main parts the Nucleus and the Electron Shell. The Nucleus contains the Protons and Neutrons. The electron Shell Contains the The electrons.

After examining the results for the other supplier samples, it was shown that Advance Wire’s sample was most suitable for the extremely high temperatures.

The Drude model can explain the Thermal Conductivity in metals and Electrical Conductivity of metals.

The first ever computer was invented in the 1820s by Charlse Babbage. However the first electronic digital computer were developed between 1940 and 1945 in the United States and in the United Kingdom. They were gigantic, originally the size of a large room, and also need to be supply a large amount of power source which is equivalent as several hundred modern personal computers. The history of computer hardware covers the developments from simple devices to aid calculation, to mechanical calculators, punched card data processing and on to modern stored program computers. The tools or mechanical tool used to help in calculation are called calculators while the machine operator that help in calculations is called computer. At first the

However, according to Shannon himself, what really launched him into the theorization of information was Ralph Hartley’s paper Transmission of Information. This paper developed “a measure of information that could in principle be used for discrete or continuous signals.” Hartley’s publication also proved that a channel’s bandwidth defines how much information can be sent through it. Since a channel’s bandwidth was limited and since continuous signals could be broken down in small steps before being sent through the channel, Hartley concluded that if the steps were small enough, the approximated signal would be not only close but identical to the original signal. Finally, Hartley realized that information could be the “resolving of uncertainty.” He developed a mathematical formula according to this concept to quantify the amount of information in a message but unfortunately, this formula was not complex enough and could not be applied to cases in which the constituents of a message did not have all the same chances of being selected. Indeed, “in written English for instance, some letters are used more frequently than others.” Hartley’s formula would not work when trying to encode sentences for example because he couldn’t model the fact that the letter E had more chances to be selected than any other.

How to obtain the state information of a given physical system by using a suitable measurement is a very important project in quantum mechanics. Basically, it is not easy to devise a measurement procedure which uniquely identifies the given quantum state from the statistical date produced by the measurements. For example, if the state of the quantum system is given by a K×K density matrix, the complete measurement statistics of one fixed von Neumann measurement is not sufficient to reconstruct the state, see, e.g., Ref. 1. However, it is possible to perform a somewhat general measurement procedure on a quantum system, namely, a positive operator-valued measurement (or POVM for short), see Ref. 2. Mathematically, a minimal informationally

In the early 1900's a duch physicist by the name of Heike Kammerlingh Onnes (pictured above), discovered superconductivity. Before his discovery, Onnes had spent most of his scientific career studying extreme cold. The first step he took toward superconductivity was on July 10, 1908 when he liquified helium and cooled it to an astonishing 4 K, which is roughly the temperature of the background radiation in open space. Using this liquid helium, Onnes began experimenting with other materials and their properties when subjected to intense cold. In 1911, he began his research on the electrical properties of these same materials. It was known to Onnes that as materials, particularly metals, cooled, they exhibited less and less resistance. Bringing a mercury wire to as close to absolute zero as possible, Onnes observed that as the temperature dropped, so to did the resistance, until 4.2 K was reached. There resistance vanished and current flowed through the wire unhindered. Below is an approximate graph displaying resistance as a function of temperature for the experiment Onnes conducted with mercury:

In the paper titled “An exact dissipation model for arbitrary photonic Fock state transport in waveguide QED systems”, Chen et al. have presented a dissipation model to study the Fock and coherent state transport through waveguide QED (wQED) systems. As the main novelty of their work, they have modelled the environment as a 3D scattering channel (described in a real-space picture similar to the waveguide modelling) and it has been shown that a reduced Hamiltonian can be obtained for arbitrary photon number Fock state which can describe the photonic transport with a restricted eigenstate. To illustrate, one-, two-, N-photon and coherent state examples are presented. Finally, two simple geometries of the scattering channel are considered namely the uniform medium and a slab waveguide. Authors have also very briefly pointed out the applicability of their model in cavity QED.