The History Of Surrogacy As A Form Of Labor

Motherhood was an expected part of the wife’s life. Woman would have a large number of babies right after each other although some babies would not survive. “High mortality rates must have overshadowed the experience of motherhood in ways difficult to

Alexandra Tsiaras came up with a phenomenal way of describing conception to birth in his interview he did for Ted Talk. There were several things and little details that I truthfully did not know happened so fast during a woman’s pregnancy. It amazes me how people can go through with abortion after watching a video like Conception to Birth. Alexandra Tsiara’s visuals on conception to birth show a whole new outline of how fast a baby becomes a human, and that makes it that much more precious.

The language that Atwood uses here shows that a woman's womb is the only solid, real thing that they possess. A woman's emotions, feelings and other body parts are like `a cloud', they are insignificant and not real, and are seen to just float around the solid object that is their womb.

After having less liberty than desired under the care of an Obstetrician while delivering my older sister, my mum decided to seek care from a Midwife for her last two delivers. In comparison to her reflections about her first birth, when recalling my birth she remains enthused about the respect, care and freedom her Midwife gave her. The impact self-governance has on birth always strikes me when my mum speaks of her experiences. It is evident that allowing laboring women to assume ownership of their own bodies affects them, and subsequently their children, for a

Robin Yates’s paper, “Pregnancy and Childbirth, The 1800’s vs. Now: What to Expect When You’re Not Expecting,” was filled with many clear points on the advancement of labor and medicine since the 1800s. This essay was filled with interesting and grabbing facts; however, the structure of the essay needs more support.

In the poem titled "The Midwife Addresses the Newly Delivered Woman" the author portrays the strengths and fortune of an Aztec woman she must have while giving birth to a child. The author mentions how the courageous and brave woman went through hard exhausting physical labor. The poem informs the mother that possible unpleasant situations may still occur. The new mother is aware and understanding that she has successfully won mastery. Also it is pointed out when women were giving birth it was like a battle, just as painful as the ones men fought in wars.

The paper introduces a sophisticated analysis of the maternity-related issues as well as childbearing policies in the USA. The American documentary “Born in the USA” serves as a material for the study. It is the first public television documentary to provide an in-depth look at childbirth in America. It offers a fascinating overview of birthing, beginning with the early days of our country when almost everyone knew of mothers or babies who died in childbirth. As medicine advanced, maternal and infant mortality rates dropped radically. Hospitals were soon promoted as the safe, modern way to have a baby. The film reveals some crucial specifications of pregnancy, giving birth to a child and raising an offspring in the United States. Specifically, it verifies a general assumption, according to which American obstetricians possess a worldwide recognition, due to their proficiency (Wagner, 2008, p. 4). Moreover, the paper reviews such issues as pregnancy

This article discusses the first two test tube babies meeting each other at a fertility conference. Through this, it displays how two of the first humans produced by this technology can bond over something such as their specialized births and what "life growing up in the spotlight has been like" (Simpson). The recognition of this event as a medical breakthrough helps to portray the importance of further advancement within this technology. As time continues so does the need to keep up with the new and upcoming technologies, and this article shows the importance of furthering the technology of IVF. The online article analyzed for the resolution of this topic was a book review in Louise Brown's autobiography. The review chose to focus on analyzing the parents of the first test tube baby opposed to the birth itself. This article states the negative effects IVF has had on the world and how it coincides with religion and moral beliefs. The review is very clearly against Louise Brown and what she has to say about the advancement that was her birth. Throughout the review, the author fails to include a counter argument for their

The modern world is in the midst of reconstructing gender roles; debates about contraception, reproductive freedom, and female inequality are contentious and common. The majority now challenges the long established assertion that women’s bodies are the eminent domain of patriarchal control. In the past, a woman’s inability to control her reproductive choices could come with ruinous consequences. Proponents of patriarchal control argue against reproductive independence with rhetoric from religious texts and with anecdotes of ‘better days,’ when women were subservient. Often, literature about childbearing fails to acknowledge the possibility of women being uninterested in fulfilling the role of motherhood.

Anthropologist Emily Martins book” “The Woman in the Body: A Cultural Analysis of Reproduction” is an ethnographic study of male-oriented metaphors for women 's reproductive processes and women 's real thoughts about those processes through interviews.

In the context of classical Marxism, the moral permissibility of surrogate motherhood is forcefully negated. Marxism condemns the practice of surrogacy as an exemplification of commodity fetishism in capitalist society, viewing surrogacy arrangements as a commercialization of the female womb. The term, “commodification of the womb,” thus arises to describe the process by which services carried out by the female womb are sold and purchased on the market. Through such transactions, the surrogate’s body and the infant it produces are transformed from subjects to objects that have both exchange value and use value in their commodified state.

Firstly, the inability for surrogates to be recognized for their work with any form of compensation devalues the work that they do in gestating other individual’s children. Historically, the domestic work women do in the home has been largely unpaid, and considered as gifts of love rather than acts that help the economy (Snow, 2016). Altruistic surrogacy can be considered a continuation of this unpaid and ignored work, that society deems as being done out of love and kindness, rather than an important economic act. By mandating that surrogate mothers go through the sacrifice and hardship of pregnancy for other individual’s children, with no form of compensation continues to shape this narrative (Snow, 2016). The expectation that women must be kind and selfless to protect the expectations of others is perpetuated by the expectation of surrogate mothers to perform their duties altruistically. Furthermore, the inability to formally pay surrogates removes the autonomy of surrogates as individuals. By criminalizing commercial surrogacy, the government puts its place into reproduction and controls how children are produced. By placing restraints onto what consenting individuals are legally allowed to do with their own bodies limits the autonomy of women, especially surrogates (Damelio and Sorensen, 2008). As one’s own body is widely considered to be their own property,

Laws are legislated and enforced for the mere purpose of protecting all individuals in a society by stating what is and what is not acceptable behavior. Though it is impossible for these legislative decisions to please every single individual in a society, these governs are passed in morality of the thousands of elected parties in charge. Commercial surrogacy is a current complex issue that evokes strong moralistic response. Commercial surrogacy takes away the childbearing element in the reproductive period for individuals looking to have or extend a family. It has opened the doors for many who cannot bear children of their own though this behavior has also raised many concerns about the appropriate scope of the market. This “method for acquiring children” is more commonly objected because the children and women’s reproductive ability are being treated as a commodity. Summed up through Elizabeth S. Anderson’s article, “Is Women’s Labor a Commodity?” children are buyer durables and women are baby factories (Anderson 82). Anderson communicates commercial surrogacy children as commodities stating how this “market” that these children are born into expresses attitude that endorses market norms as opposed to ‘norms of parental love”(Anderson 76). Anderson focuses her paper towards the manipulation, alienation, and exploitation of women that commodifies women’s reproductive capacities. Through Anderson’s argument and her perceptive relations of this market to alienation,

Surrogacy the compassionate act of carrying a baby for those who are unable to carry a child has turned into has turned into and business model of exploitation similar to sex slaves. While surrogacy is intended to help people who can’t have kids, there high chance of being used for human trafficking. Surrogacy women who volunteer to carry a baby to term for a woman who can’t carry a baby or is not fertile. While many women volunteer to do this in attempt to help themselves from a financial situation or help a family in need. There are also indications that some women are forced to become surrogates or exploited in the same manner that women that are forced prostitution. Human trafficking is a global issue as well as surrogacy, while one forces labor and prostitution the other exploits impoverished women. The concerns of exploitation is one of the cores of the fight against human trafficking and predatory business people are using legal loop holes to operate human trafficking rings. The ideal of surrogacy is well intentioned and helpful to desperate people, but there is are unattended consequences to the unregulated international policies that allows women to be used as baby factories which destroys the beautiful process of creating a baby. Even though Surrogate mothers are in financial distress and need the money to provide for their families, surrogacy is wrong due to its high potential for human trafficking. Because women can be forced and some are forced

Hearing the word midwife leaves many people thinking of unprofessional, inexperienced women who help deliver babies naturally, without the help of medication. In truth, nurse-midwives are registered nurses who have attended additional schooling for women’s health and are taught to make women feel as comfortable as possible. In the beginning, remedies were the females’ legacies, their “birthright”; these females were known as “wise-women by the people, witches of charlatans by authorities”. (Ehrenreich, 1973). “Females were wanderers, traveling from one place to another, healing the sick and wounded.” (Ehrenreich 1973). These women were among the first human healers and they were especially helpful when it came to childbearing. The midwives