The History, Use, and Effectiveness of Medicinal Drugs

Aspirin was synthesized by reacting salicylic acid with acetic anhydride in the presence of phosphoric acid, H3PO4, as a catalyst:

Aspirin may lead to adverse effects of bleeding, cardiac arrhythmia, edema, hypotension, tachycardia, agitation, cerebral edema, coma, confusion, dizziness, fatigue headache, hyperkalemia, rhabdomyalisis, hypersensitivity, and gi effects. According to the beers criteria, low dose aspirin should be based on risk vs benefit for those patients over 80 due to association with upper gastrointestinal events such as

There has been little evolution and innovations in terms of Aspirin’s formula. It has not been changed since Hoffman’s discovery! However its form has been improved whilst originally sold as a powder, in 1915 Aspirin was produced as a tablet. Also, while the drug itself has not been modified, the knowledge about it has. It was not until the 1970’s that scientists began to understand how aspirin works, and in 1982, the scientist responsible for the findings, Professor Vane, won the Nobel Prize for Medicine for his

1. In her lecture, Dr. Mary Tinetti (2014) explained that pharmacology and medical treatment has evolved from the 17th century to the 21st century. She focused on polypharmacy within the elderly population and treatment of diseases based on pathology. According to her, understanding the pathology of diseases allowed the medical community to create categories for diseases. Based on those categories, health care providers are now able to prescribe specific medications for specific set of diseases. Therefore, treatments that are based on specific diagnoses became the model for medical treatment (Tinetti, 2014). In one of the key points of her presentation, Dr. Tinetti (2014) explained that the advances in pharmacology led to the development of

In 1899, a German chemist named Felix Hoffmann, who worked for a Germany company called Bayer, rediscovered Gerhardt’s formula. Felix Hoffmann made some of the formula and gave it to his father who was suffering from the pain of arthritis. When he saw that there were good results he convinced Bayer to market the new drug to their company. Aspirin was first sold as a powder. According to Bayer's biography of Hoffman, it was 'mostly by chance' that the chemist Felix Hoffmann succeeded in mixing salicylic acid with acetic acid to create what is now widely recognized as something that mostly everyone knows and uses when in pain. It is a well-known medicine. Hoffmann didn’t like the alternative treatment, a juice from the willow tree bark that had been used for centuries as a painkiller and treatment for fever, but it had a lot of negative side effects, including nausea, gastro-intestine irritation,

Salicin is a marvelous entity. It is a pain relieving chemical that has been discovered to be inside of a Willow tree’s bark. Salicin now goes by the name Aspirin, with the “A” meaning acetate and the “spir” meaning Spired. Salicin was discovered centuries ago, however, it has progressed greatly from being powder and leaves to being in the form of a pill. Though various ancient civilizations were known to utilize salicin, the most predated recorded use of

The primary issue with the author’s claim is its unsubstantiated premises. Although Salicylates are members of the same chemical family aspirin, it does not guarantee a match in their medicinal properties as it can depend upon the exact chemical composition. To set the argument on the right footing the author needs to gather evidence from a research using a control group to analyze the differences in the medical qualities of Salicylate and Aspirin.

Not until 1828 was Johann Buchner, professor at Munich University, able to isolate the substance from the tannis in willow trees, to which he gave the name of salicin. A purer form of salicin was developed later in 1829, and then its mass pharmaceutical production began. It was not until scientists started to understand the effects of this new product, that they realized its side effects were greater than its benefits. By understanding the connection between evolution and biotechnology, scientists were able to modified the new drug in a way that was safer for consumers to take, and start its mass production again, which is what we know as Aspirin

Today, meta-study was published. A company or researchers in Britain to publish them. They said that the use of aspirin daily for five years reduces the risk of cancer, the cause of death. These

Although there is no record to establish when plants were first used for medicinal purposes, the use of plants as healing agents as well as clays and soils is ancient. Dioscourides, a Greek physician of the Roman army, prescribed extracts of willow bark for joint pain. First, willow bark was confirmed to be effective, and then the natural ester of salicylic acid (salicin) was isolated as the willow’s active ingredient by Johannes Buchner in Germany (Rainsford,1984). It was then derivatized by Rafaela Pirea to yield salicylic acid, and later (1899) by the Bayer company, to yield acetylsalicylic acid, or aspirin.

According to Nordqvist,Medicalnewstoday,(2015); Aspirin is a still till this day a very well known and popularly used medication in the world. As an over the counter or (OTC) product since 1915. Aspirin was discovered in 1763 by Edward Stone, he had been documenting his symptoms his been having such as fever, pain, chills, and fatigue when he had discovered Salicylic Acid which is the main reactant in Aspirin. As the years passed many other Salicylate Medicines have been discovered such as Salicin and Sodium Salicylic acids. Many forms of aspirin were created such as capsules and chewable gummies.

Aspirin is a widely known medicine used by various people for pain relief. Pain relief is the typical use for aspirin. The aspirin also features has anti-inflammatory properties that can help with several ailments. It also has other properties that can help with other ailments. The US Food and Drug Administration website says that aspirin can be beneficial to populations with cardiovascular disease. When populations use aspirin on the daily, it could lower the chances of a heart attack and other blood flow problems (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2017). In chemistry, aspirin is synthesized to help students understand various topics in the subject. In the lab completed, the topics that were studied were spectrophotometry and Beer’s law.

The salicylates have comparative impacts (antipyretic, mitigating, pain relieving) to alternate NSAIDs and piece the comparative chemical cyclooxygenase (COX), yet headache medicine does as such in an irreversibly and, dissimilar to others, influences the COX-1 variation more than the COX-2 variation of the enzyme.[11] Usage of Aspirin ought to be for cardiovascular conditions just. Supervision of a specialist is essential for ibuprofen use. Use of Aspirin ought to be stayed away from if there is a draining issue, for example, hemophilia, a late history of stomach or intestinal dying, or there is hypersensitivity to a NSAID (non-steroidal calming medication, for example, Advil, Motrin, Aleve, Orudis, Indocin, Lodine, Voltaren, Toradol, Mobic, Relafen, Feldene, and so on .Aspirin ought not be given to a kid or youngster with a fever, influenza manifestations, or chicken pox. Salicylates can bring about Reye's disorder which may be lethal for youngsters Aspirin

This is because these drugs reduce the production of prostaglandins, which help to protect the digestive tract from stomach acid. Adverse effects can vary from hives to vomiting.

There are clear benefits to conducting trials in countries which are still developing. These include exchange of information among medical organizations globally and answering questions about the safety and efficacy of drugs that are of interest throughout the world, but at the same time, the globalization of clinical trials raises ethical concerns. Regulatory bodies are often structured to monitor the quality of clinical trial data and the safety of drugs and devices in their domestic markets. They have limited information on many aspects of research conducted outside their jurisdictions or countries, including the sites, investigators, and participants and the quality of trial data.