The Homicides Committed By Ortiz

Arguably, human beings face cognitive association in their daily life. This occurs in the different spheres of life spanning from personal relations to different encounters that man has. The different associations we have been found to be instrumental in shaping up man’s thoughts, as well as behavior and cognitions. Both behavior and cognition are two important aspects of social psychology, which discusses the human behavior in the various social settings. These researchers established that man has different characters that are influenced by the presence of other individuals. Furthermore, the characters are dependent on one’s social influence, the social perception and the various social relationships. In most times, character develops through the entire life, and each situation comes with a lesson. Family, friends and peers, among others, are external forces that shape a person’s character. However, in the article “The Power of Context,” Malcom Gladwell argues that the environment influences peoples’ characters as well. Gladwell reviews aspects of people’s behavior development, how and what shapes their character. In this essay, Gladwell communicates his arguments of the effects of cognitive associations and physical surroundings on the behavior of a person through the analysis of psychological and social experiments. He specifically describes the epidemic theory and notes that it explains why crime is contagious just like the different fashion trends. This means that crime

Social learning theory states that crime is learned through social interaction, and the family is the primary association group. I believe John Wayne Gacy learned his serial killing criminality from his childhood family social interactions. John Wayne Gacy’s father use to physical punish his children with a razor strap and physically abuse his wife. Gacy’s father also use to call him names like a wimp and a girl. I feel that these violent interactions caused Gacy to form a direct association with violent behaviour. These events indicate that Gacy was exposed to violence and ridicule for his entire childhood. Previous statistics stated that the age that abuse occurs and the longer the abuse occurs, influence the severity of the impact of the abuse on a child’s adulthood. I feel that the timing, length and frequency of the abuse that Gacy encountered led to his serial killing behaviour.

Howell and Griffiths (2016) attribute the Latino gang growth during the third period to be supported largely by social disorganization theory, during the 1960’s and 70’s the many Latino migrated to southern California replacing black and third generation Latino ghettos with the new first generation immigrants barrios. The three common elements of social disorganization theory are ethnic heterogeneity, low socioeconomic status, and residential mobility; all of which are shown throughout the film. In the begging of the film of the film Santana’s does not appear to be poor, but the live in a heavily clustered area. Social disorganization really begins to show when he goes to prison. Prison is social disorganized because it has all three of the key factors necessary. The first ethic heterogeneity is shown because there are people of all races in prison, white, black, and Latino were shown the most frequently in the film. This competent cause people of different races to band together to provide protection from the other races. This causes peer influence to make those that are lesser criminal turn into more violent criminals. This was shown when Santana, who was arrested for burglary eventually turns into a murderer, after becoming a rape victim. Very few people that go to prison are going to be middle or upper

They learn the criminal acts from other criminal groups like gangs or from other experienced criminals and they accept the criminal acts depending on the amount of exposure they receive. The learning process involves the individuals learning the techniques to use, attitudes to have towards the crimes, motives of the crime, and rationalizations. The theory also states that learning criminal behavior and non-criminal behavior is the same process, it just depends on the amount of criminals or non-criminals you interact with on a daily basis, which decides whether or not you commit criminal acts (Shvarts, PP Pg 20-27). In the article the author applies the social learning theory to explain why people become stoopers by discussing how the 4 aspects of differential association apply to stoopers. The first aspect is “priority of learning” which basically means how early in life are individuals exposed to criminal behavior (Shvarts, PP Pg 11-30). For example, in the case of stoopers this can be learned at school because we often see these situation in schools, when someone losses or drops something they often don’t get it back and who ever finds it often keeps it and that’s what stoopers do at race tracks. The second aspect is “frequency” which means how often individuals are exposed to or participate in groups that encourage criminal

The Relationship between Delinquency and Drug UseIn my attempt to discover if delinquency and drug use, or the sale of drugs were correlated with one another, my research lead to a positive correlation, especially when there was gang membership involved. The theory I have chosen to tie in with my review of the articles I found is the social learning theory of Edwin Sutherland known as differential association theory. According to Britannica online, Sutherland 's differential association theory of delinquent behavior is learned from other persons who are also engaged in delinquent behaviors. Sutherland believes that a person becomes delinquent because of an access amount of exposure to the definitions of criminal behavior and the violation

There are many theories that can be applied to gang violence; however there are two theories that focused on gang violence that will be emphasized on in this paper. Differential Opportunity Theory discussed the disadvantage of individuals that do not have equal access to illegitimate opportunities. This theory dealt with the persuasion of young people into the involvement with gangs and contributing to the crimes that could pledge them as a criminal into the network. The theory demonstrates that organized crime has been committed in that specific community. Also with

Why do criminals commit crime? How to we learn to commit crime? These questions can be answered using social learning theory. "Social learning approach is the assumption that all human behavior is socially learned" (Thompson, Bynum 2013 115). The theory of differential association was developed by Edwin Sutherland to try and explain the development of criminal behavior. Essentially what this theory says is that deviant group behavior results from normative conflict. Normative conflict arises when multiple probable rules exist, specifying how one ought to behave in a given situation. Conflicts among norms affect deviant people of a variety of social groups. An individual is part of many social groups including friends, family, and school. Every group has its own set of social norms. Sometimes the norms between these groups can conflict with each other resulting in the possibility of deviant behavior

This paper examines the concepts of criminological theory, the history of criminological theory, differential association theory, and the effectiveness of Boys & Girls Club of America. The basis of criminological theory is to provide an explanation for what causes crime and criminal behavior. The differential association theory was a leading sociological crime theory that was created by Edwin H. Sutherland. This theory argues that delinquent behavior is learned through interactions and communication with other peers. The purpose of this theory was to develop a theory that could be applied universally among all crimes and criminal behaviors, including white collar crime. Differential association argues that delinquent behavior is learned from an excess of definitions favorable to law violation, and vice versa for nondelinquent behaviors. This theory has its fair share of criticisms; the testability has been scrutinized for the inability to operationalize the concepts of differential association. Specific mentoring programs, such as the Boys & Girls Club of America, were created to establish a positive environment for youth for development. The Boys & Girls Club’s mission is to provide developmental guidance to youth to reach their full potential as responsible citizens. Members have expressed that these clubs provide a caring, nurturing environment, an atmosphere to learn positive behaviors, and assistance in developing diverse skills and abilities. This

This point explains the idea that criminals will act out because the amount of advantageous reasons to violate the law outweigh those that disparage an individual from breaking the law. Nonetheless, this includes the idea of which attitudes are stronger: for the criminal behavior or against it. This is the idea of “differential association.”

Social learning theory explains that people learn criminal and delinquent behaviour the same way we learn behaviours that are considered socially acceptable (Maskaly 2015:207). Social learning theory consists of four concepts; differential associations, differential reinforcement, imitation and definitions (Maskaly 2015:207). This theory helps explain the police subculture, which teaches and reinforces the behaviour of police officers (Maskaly 2015:209). The concept of differential associations in social learning theory states that people are more likely to commit crimes if they regularly interact with other people who commit crimes (Maskaly 2015:208). The police subculture believes that police officers have a different standard of living compared

Many believe that differential association and neutralization theory explain many aspects of gang homicides, such as the one Ortiz committed. Differential association is important because it focuses on the influences of intimate others and how the behaviors that

According to Howell (2010) “many female adolescents are attracted to gangs because their friends or boyfriends have joined.” A theory of this is the theory of differential association which is when “young people develop the attitudes and skills necessary to become delinquent by associating with individuals who are “carriers” of criminal norms (Sutherland, 1937)” (Wood and Alleyne, 2010). On the other hand “having delinquent peers is not an adequate explanation of gang membership although involvement in a social network to which close friends belong is a key reason why gang members join gangs” (Wood and Alleyne,

In today's society, one will find that there are many different factors that go into the development of a criminal mind, and it is impossible to single out one particular cause of criminal behavior. Criminal behavior often stems from both biological and environmental factors. In many cases criminals share similar physical traits which the general population do not usually have. For example criminals have smaller brains than properly adjusted individuals. However biological reasons cannot solely be the cause of criminal behavior. Therefore, one must look to other sources as to how a criminal mind is developed. Social and environmental factors also are at fault for developing

Every day, hundreds of people fall victims of violent crimes. The FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports show that roughly 1,165,383 violent crimes were reported (Uniform Crime Report, 2014). Due to the dark figure of crime, the amount of unreported violent crimes is unknown. To try to prevent these crimes from occurring, researchers first need to understand why individuals become violent. The Nature verse Nurture debate argues that people are either born violent due to their genetic make-up or due to their environment; they are conditioned to have violent behavior. By using theories such as the Social Learning Theory and the Homicide Adaptive Theory, each side with be broken down. Through the analysis of Nature verse Nurture, it can be argued

Differential Association theory is a well-known theory created by Edwin Sutherland with the main idea that delinquents learn crime from one another with social interaction. Changing to fit in with the group a youth is involved in is one of the big factors within the social interaction as to why they become delinquent. An insight into this theory is that nature versus nurture can play an important role into the association with delinquency.