The Homo Correctus Brain

Foreheads began to develop in the later members of the species, most likely as a result of an expanding frontal lobe (that part of the brain that we believe controls many of our higher functions such as reasoning, foresight and concentration) (Johanson and Shreeve 1989). Homo erectus had a lighter jaw than did Homo Habilis (Johanson and Shreeve 1989).

When it comes to the topic of having a growth mindset, most of us will readily agree that students who are praised are motivated to learn. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of how they are praised. Whereas some are convinced that praising students for their intelligence will motivate them to learn, others maintain that encouraging them for their efforts has a better impact on their motivation.

Despite the evolutionary many benefits and gradient expenses with human intelligence, increased brain size did not occur because it was able to expand by itself. Environmental factors are what led to the evolutionary changes. A fundamental principle of evolutionary theory is that evolution is the balanced outcome between costs and benefits. Since the price of maintaining a large brain is greater, it is inherently improbably that expansion of the brain will evolve without a selection factor being adequate to overcome the high expenses. (Dunbar, 2007) There has been a strong correlation between increased temperatures in the global climate and increased endocranial volume. Over the past three million years, the average global temperature has been steadily increasing, as well as the braincase of human ancestors. Strong evidence of this is seen between the period approximately 200,000 to 800,000 years ago where the Earth’s climate experienced the greatest temperature fluctuations which

While on patrol, I was parked in the entrance to Mansard's plaza, facing E Ridge Rd, monitoring traffic. A female in a silver pickup truck pulled into the lot and flagged me down. The female pointed towards a white and maroon Corvette traveling east on Ridge Rd and stated that she believes the driver may be intoxicated. I immediately pulled onto Ridge Rd and got behind the Corvette. As I was following the Corvette east on Ridge, another vehicle with a male driver pulled up to the side of me and shouted out the window, "That guy is drunk". I then observed the Corvette to weave from the outside lane to the center lane, without signaling. The vehicle then abruptly swerved back into the outside lane, without signaling. The vehicle then came to

The evidence shown refers to the fact that they were both part of the same Australopithecus ancestors. However based on brain size to body weight and the shape of muzzle angle and skull shape both share distinct similarities to man and whether only one or both were direct ancestors is still a moot topic. Based on evidence collected Homo erectus shares more similarities to Homo sapiens then that of Homo ergaster (sharing the same dimensioning of the Nasal Opening, cheek Bone, the Post orbital constriction (for exact dimensions refer to table above)) The brain sizes are also remarkably similar the Homo erectus having a brain capacity 69% of Homo sapiens. Based on this evidence it is concluded that Homo erectus is placed as an earlier ancestor evolved from that of Homo ergaster, despite the two living in very similar time periods.

This in turn allowed them to consider the context of differing abilities to cope with fluctuating resources, different variables, and overall paths in brain development between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans (AMHs). Although Neanderthals did share similar brain sizes comparable to anatomically modern humans (AMHs), nevertheless Neanderthals brain cases were elongated and not globular as in Homo Sapiens implying that anatomically modern humans (AMHs) and Neanderthals reached fairly large brain sizes along dissimilar evolutionary paths. In their underlying research, they hypothesize that similarly sized brains of both Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans (AMHs) were ostensibly organized differently for two

Over the course of millions of years, primates’ evolutionary ancestors developed their brains to the point that the brain became the most energy intensive organ in the body. Large brains are very costly investments for an organism, both in terms of percentage of energy consumption, and in terms of the period spent outside the womb in which the organism is unable to defend itself (Cheney & Seyfarth, 2007). Based on evolution scientists know this fact to be true. The only question remaining is: what in the many varied environments of primates led to this overall increase in relative brain and skull sizes?

       In the article, "Brain ontogeny and life history in Homo erectus" by Steven R. Leigh discussed Homo erectus provided meaningful insights about the evolution of human ontogeny, life history, as well as cognition. The similarity between hominins is determined by testing three hypotheses (Leigh 105). With that being said, Mojokerto's absolute brain size is expected to be 0.5 - 1.5 year old H. sapiens (Leigh 105). The cranial

Viewed from the side, the occipital bone is somewhat bun-shaped. The forehead rises more vertically than that of a H. Erectus, and the brow ridges arch over the orbits instead of forming a straight bar. The Neanderthals were robust, barrel-chested, powerfully muscled. They also had a large, thick skull, a sloping forehead, and a chinless jaw. This robust skeletal structure, in fact, dominates hominin evolution from H. Erectus through all premodern forms. (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon. p.370). Neanderthals had a compact body of short stature. Males averaged 1.7 m (5ft 5in) tall and an estimate to weigh 84kg (185lb), and females averaged 1.5 m (5ft) tall and an estimate 80kg (176lb). (Smithsonian 2007c). Neanderthals also differed from modern Homo Sapiens in that they had a low forehead, double arched brow ridge, larger nasal area, projecting cheek region, weak chin, obvious space behind the third molar, heavily-built bones, broad scapula, short lower leg and arm bones relative to the upper portions, occasional bowing of the limb bones, the hip rotated outward, a long and thin pubic bone, and large joint surfaces of the toes and long bones. (Smithsonian 2007c). Neanderthals had noses that were broad and very large. They had limb bones that were thick and had large joints which indicate they had strongly muscled arms and legs. The shin bones and forearms tended to be shorter than those of modern humans. The pelvis was wider from side to side

Not everyone is ready to draw such decisive conclusions about the Neanderthal mind from DNA however. John Hawks of the University of Wisconsin-Madison notes that Neanderthals may have carried gene variants that affected their brain function but that have no counterparts in modern humans for comparison. He remarks that if one were to envisage Neanderthal skin color based on the genes they share with modern humans, one would infer that they had dark skin. Yet scientists now know Neanderthals had some genes no longer in circulation that probably led to their possessing light skin. The larger problem with attempting to determine how Neanderthal brains worked from their genes, Hawks says, is that for the most part researchers do not know how genes

A study co-authored by Lauren Gonzales of Duke University and Fred Spoor of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology sheds some light on some long-held secrets of the ancient skull. Prior to their research, it was commonly thought and generally accepted that primate brains first grew in size, and then in complexity. However, the 3-D brain image that they were able to construct after using

The numbers for endocranial volume measured in centimeters for the mean in Homo Erectus were, 952.3, 1229.6 for Mid-Pleistocene and 1350 for the most recent humans. For the frontal arc, we really can not say that there is any similar measurement between the three because there are no measurements given to us for the recent humans. There are measurements for the parietal arc, and occipital arc both measured in millimeters. For the parietal arc measurements in Homo Erectus were 101.8, 114.8 for Mid-Pleistocene, and 125 for recent humans. In the occipital measurements for Homo Erectus, it was 108.6, in Mid-Pleistocene 122.8, and finally 111 for recent humans. One last similar measurement that I am going to mention is the frontal angle with 142.2 in Homo Erectus, 140.8 in Mid-Pleistocene, and lastly 129 in recent humans. In one last measurement that I am going to mention is the occipital angle measuring 104.2 for Homo Erecus,, 106.8 in the Mid-Pleistocene homonins, and 119 in recent humans. There were more measurements but the ones that showed the similarity between them were the ones that were put on here. The measurements clearly show that they are very close to the homonins in Mid-Pleistocene. We can also see that as evolution occurred, the skull increased in size due to the brain also

This racial discussion about cranial size has been going on for centuries, with the White brain and skull being larger than any other race. In recent years, studies have been done, especially by Rushton (1996), who has now changed the racial hierarchy. According to him the Mongoloid is now in the forefront, with Caucasoid next and lastly Negroid. Rushton

As a first-year palaeontologist student and got the opportunity to work in the Queensland Museum, My cohort and I found that human skulls evolved differently over time. From research, it is evident that Homo erectus was lived in the North, East, South and West Africa, as well as West and East Asia. The skull was dispersed thoroughly around the old world. They are the oldest known humans to have human-like features, but with longer legs and shorter arms. “These features are considered adaptions, with the ability of to walk and possibly run long distances” (Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History). From finding the cranial index of Homo erectus it is classified as mesaticephalic “medium headed” skull. The Homo Heidelbergenesis was lived throughout

       Overtime, the size of the cranium has changed. With that being the case, the size of the cranium changed due to the better nutrition received. On a different note, the width of the pelvis changed. Thus, the width of the pelvis changed due to a genus homo's bipedality. Therefore, a genus homo's bipedality determines their ability to walk, run, and create tools in oder to survive.