The Hooves Of Horses Are Particularly Prone

Horse’s have developed into highly specialised locomotor machines. Modified themselves to travel long distances at a moderate speeds and capability of shorter distances at higher speeds. The most efficient running machine that has evolved with many structural adaptions for untiring rapid progress on the ground so that they run long distances efficiently and changing of muscle size and grouping all suggests locomotor adaption (Williams, 2013).

The skin is divided into three different parts including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. This region of the skin has no blood cells or blood vessels running through it. All of the nutrients that the epidermis needs are received through diffusion from the dermis. The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells. The epidermis is made of five separate layers: the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and the stratum corneum. Starting at the innermost layer, the stratum basale is where mitosis of keratinocytes takes place. This layer of the epidermis also contains melanocytes which give the skin it’s pigment. As mitosis takes place in the stratum

Figure 8.1 Using Figure 8.1, match the following: 1) Periosteum. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 251; Fig. 8.3 2) Articular cartilage. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 251; Fig. 8.3 3) Joint (synovial) cavity. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 251; Fig. 8.3 4) Synovial membrane. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 251; Fig. 8.3

Horses are classified as hindgut fermenters, meaning a balance of good and bad bacteria aid in the digestion of foodstuff in the cecum and large intestine [5]. The hindgut is not only a fermentation vat, but it also stimulates the immune responses, protects against pathogens,

The dermis contains elastic and fibrous tissues such as fibrillin, collagen and elastin. These tissues gives

Soft callus formation Blood clot is replaced by fibrocartilage and collagen, converting granulation tissue to a soft callus. This is where new blood vessels begin to grow.

Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., and Bartholomew, E. F. “The Musclar System.” Anatomy & Physiology.

Soring is a cruel practice used on horses to exaggerate their gaits. It is commonly found in gaited horses such as the Tennessee Walking Horse. Chemicals such as mustard oil, diesel, or kerosene are put on the legs of the horse and left there for a few days. This causes painful sores, and to avoid detection at shows they often use a chemical stripping agent to get rid of the scarring. Then action devices such as chains are placed on these sores to make these horses accentuate their gaits. Another type of soring is grinding down the sole of the hoof to expose the sensitive tissues. These methods often make the horse pick up their legs higher and faster (AVMA, 2012).

The slide below shows a section of the trachea (windpipe).  Rings of hyaline cartilage embedded within the walls of the trachea provide support and help to maintain an open airway.  Hyaline cartilage is the most common form of cartilage in the body, making up part of the nose, connecting ribs to the sternum, and covering the articulating surfaces of bones. When sectioned and stained, the matrix of hyaline cartilage takes on a light purple color.  Cartilage-forming cells called chondroblasts produce this matrix, which  consists of an amorphous ground substance heavily invested with collagen fibers. Chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells) can be seen singly or in groups within spaces (called lacunae) in

The Breeders' Cup as it’s called, is less than two months away, so let’s change it up, and talk about some horse feet today! Here are some fun horse foot facts as they relate to human feet!

2 and 3D Video techniques - following a large racehorse performing high-speed over-ground exercise over long distances (Khumsap S., 2004).

Pets are prone to superficial skin injuries and most owners will encounter a situation at some point in time involving a cat, dog or other pet that 's sustained a wound. Unfortunately, many dog and cat owners do not know how to properly clean and disinfect a wound or the owner will assume that the injury will heal on its own, leading to a complete lack of wound care. And too often, a situation with a wounded dog or cat will end in the veterinarian 's office with a pet who 's experiencing a great deal of pain and discomfort from the cut, gash or sore. "It 's important that pet owners understand how to perform basic first aid on their animals. It 's part of responsible animal ownership. You wouldn 't ignore a wound on your child, so a dog or cat 's wound should be tended to as well," explained Dr. Michael Levine, DVM. If an injury is not treated properly, infection will result. Signs of infection include pain, swelling and redness, In cases where an infection has been left to fester and spread unchecked, the pet may need to go under anesthesia for a complete cleaning of the wound site and removal of tissue that 's been damaged by the infection. In severe cases, the infection can spread from the skin 's surface, down into the deep tissues of the muscle and even to the bone. If the infection encounters the circulatory system, the infection can turn systemic, resulting in an often-deadly condition known as sepsis. To avoid infection, all cuts, scrapes, sores and other

Stratum Lucidum is an additional layer of the skin, found only in the palms of our hands and the soles of our feet; it is a very shallow layer of just 3 clear layers of cells. Eledin is found in this layer, a protein rich clear gel like substance that helps give us strength, grip and also protection.

When I learned how to heal my horse’s hoof a couple of years ago, the vision of being a vet was reaffirmed. It was a hot summer day when my dad and I were working around the barn. Like any other day as we worked we would check on how the horses were doing, this included grooming them and cleaning their hooves. We noticed one of our horses, Indie, moseying over with a limp and not putting weight on one hoof. I immediately was worried, thinking that he might have a serious injury.

large intestine and induces soft faeces and diarrhoea. Faeces is usually pale colour and have foul smelling. Continuous diarrhoea leads to dehydration and loss of electrolytes and weakness in horses. The symptoms can be resolved with stopping the milk feeding.