The Human Gastrointestinal Track Is A Complex Time

The absorption of drugs differ in the elderly than they do in adults. Absorption primary occurs in the gastrointestinal system. The pH in the gastro intestinal system is higher because of the reduction in acid production in the stomach. Emptying is also decreased; this does not allow the drug to move on further into the system to be absorbed. Blood flow to the gastrointestinal system is reduced by 40-50% because of the decrease in cardiac output and decreased perfusion. The reduction of blood flow causes the villi in the stomach lining to become blunt and flattened. The reduction in blood flow and surface area results in the decreased absorption of drugs. (Lilley, Collins, and Snyder

Absorption – “How the drugs enter the circulation process through the body, and how they resist general breakdown by the stomach, liver, and the intestines”. Some of the factors that affect the absorption of drugs in the body is as follows, “acidity of the stomach, Physiochemical properties, Presence of food in the stomach or intestine, and Routes of administration”,

Based on ¨Principles of Pharmacokinetics¨, ¨pharmacokinetics is the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion¨ (Ratain 2003). In other words, the drug's pharmacokinetics determines the duration and the intensity of the effect on the body. Absorption rate can be affected by the drug itself, such as: rate of dissolution, lipid solubility, and route (VandeWaa 2016). The absorption process starts by the route of admission, in this case oral. The oral, or by mouth, route of administration for drugs is the most common. When a pill is taken by mouth, it travels down to the stomach, were most pills dissolve. While in the stomach, some kinds of pills are absorbed into the stomach lining, but some move on to the small intestine. Every pill eventually ends up in the bloodstream and circulate through the body to tissues and organs (Howell 2017). Once passive diffusion occurs, the cells absorb the molecules of the medicine. Then, the molecules of the medicine will exit the cells and travel in the bloodstream for the distribution process.

Wordell also explained that sustained release tablets have two important advantages over other drugs, one “they are effective for a longer period of time” and “two they frequently cause fewer adverse reactions.” Since sustained release tablets are designed to release the drug slowly over time, crushing or damaging the “wax matrix” may cause the patient to “receive too much of the drug too soon” and the patient “may suffer increased adverse reactions” as explained by Wordell. The expected effect of the drug may also not be met and the symptoms may reoccur before the next schedule dose Wordell further expressed. Sustained released capsule “contains beads” that releases the drugs in the same process as that of sustained release tablets. While you may be able to open a sustained release capsule and mixing the “beads” which food or juice, you must be very carefully and ensure that the beads or not popped during mixing Wordell emphasized. This will also cause the patient to receive too much of the drug at a much faster rate and this will also cause very serious adverse

Many molecules, particularly peptides and polypeptides are physically embedded in polymers to create a complex network of interconnecting pores through which the drug could subsequently diffuse. The pore structure and polymer composition is controlled in order to design systems that release the drug at nearly any rate and for nearly

7. What is the reason for manufacturing a drug as an enteric-coated tablet? (2 points)

There are many different types of pills that humans use for various reasons, and each one is designed to cure or contain a certain problem or pain. This form of medication is usually compacted in a small tablet, sometimes with a coating on top, and meant for the user to swallow as a whole without allowing it to dissolve before entering the stomach. However, considering that people seem to want the fastest relief possible that they can get from their bodily ailments, the research question of this experiment was: Which class of pills dissolve the fastest?

As an advanced practice nurse (APN), it is common to see people with gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. For the purpose of this discussion, I will evaluate the case study #2 and give a differential diagnosis with an explanation. I will discuss how the physical examination and patient history plays a role in the diagnosis and provide examples of treatments based on the diagnosis.

Slow release: Enteric coated tablets are non crush, they are known as sustained-release tablets, which can be composed of

The Viscosity is optimum for 1.5% carbopol concentration since it has good flow and consistency unlike the 1% and the 2%, these both have either less or more viscosity compared to the optimum 1.5% carbopol. Viscosity of the optimized gel was found to have a range of 754-1350cp. Among which 1.5% concentration of carbopol gave good results of 1290±7cp. Determination of viscosity of gel matrix, is important as it assists in evaluating the penetration across the skin by controlling the release of the drug into the receptor medium. The same trend was observed by Lin et al., (2014) on the viscosity of apigenin ethosomes formulation [25].

Marcela Ramirez-Campos Y et al reported that the effect of formulation variables on verapamil hydrochloride release from hydrated HPMC matrices, among different variables that influence drug release from hydrated hydrophilic matrices, the polymer proportion, the drug dose and the matrix pH can be included. The release profiles showed zero order kinetics for drug dissolution proportions up to 70%.The increase of the matrix pH from 5.0 to 8.0 increased the release rate. The effect of both pH and drug load becomes lesser as the matrix polymer proportion increases from 5% to 15% w/w.

However, PPIs cannot be simply dropped into the stomach because they will not reach their target. They are prodrugs that are activated in the presence of an acidic environment. The drugs must be absorbed by the small intestine and reach the circulation via parietal cells and be exported to the canaliculi of the stomach so that the first nucleophile they see is the PPI. Enteric coatings or admixture with bicarbonate are ways to protect the prodrug from acid before they are systemically

Get ready for the dangerous ride of a banana getting crushed, smashed, and absorbed through the digestive system. “Watch out for the involuntary muscles which they can’t even control and voluntary muscles they can control, but will still use thriving to help get our nutrients by crushing us.” everyone has always said but, that didn’t stop him. Once Banana was ripe enough the farmer has picked him. Banana thought is was chosen for an amusement park. because everyone else says it’ll be like a scary rollercoaster, he took it literally…

Gastrointestinal (G.I) bleeding remains a frequent clinical dilemma and common cause of hospitalization, morbidity and mortality. The incidence of Gastrointestinal bleeding is 100 cases per 100,000 persons per year and mortality range from 6-10% (1). The bleeding pseudo aneurysm is a serious complication of pancreatitis and has an incidence up to 10% (2). Mortality of a treated rupture of pseudo aneurysm ranges from 12-57%, or as high as 90-100% in untreated cases depending on the patient clinical condition, site and characteristic of the pseudo aneurysm (3). Severe bleeding presents, despite medical treatment and endoscopic intervention in 5% of patients (4). Surgery is associated with mortality rates as high as 20%-40% (5). In many institutions

Gastroenterology or GI is the study of the digestive system and disorders of the digestive system. The digestive system consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Two common procedures of the gastroenterology field include; Nissen Fundoplication or Nissen Fundoplasty and Gastrostomy Tube Placement. Another procedure that will be covered is the Caesarean section, which is not a procedure of the digestive system, but of the female reproductive system.