The Human Genome Project Essay

DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. Deoxyribonucleic corrosive is an atom that conveys a large portion of the hereditary guidelines utilized as a part of the improvement, working and propagation of all known living creatures and numerous infections. The National Institutes of Health and Welcome Trust from the London UK and Craig Vendor of Celera Genomics from Maryland USA at the same time exhibited the grouping of human DNA in June of 2000, finishing the first significant attempt of the Human Genome Project (HGP) (Ridley 2). As researchers connection human attributes to qualities fragments of DNA found on one or a greater amount of the 23 human

The HGP was a 13-year long project started in 1990 with the objective of determining the entire human euchromatic genome sequence. It was a public funded project and the goal was to complete the project within 15 years. Since its inception, the project had been met with scepticism from scientists and commoners alike. One significant doubt was whether the astounding expenditure of the project would outweigh the potential benefits from it. However, the incredible success of the HGP became apparent very soon after completion. Not only did it mark the beginning of a new era in medicine, it also made significant development in the various techniques that can be used for DNA sequencing. This publicly funded, $3 billion project began formally in 1990, under the co-ordinated effort of the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and National Institutes of Health (NIH). Although destined to be completed in 15 years, rapid technological development accelerated the completion date to 2003.

In 2011, people were offered the ability to buy their genome; however, it cost merely $350,000. As fast as time flew

The Human Genome Project was first proposed to Congress in 1990 by Department of Energy and National Institutes of Health as a part of

The Goal of the Human Genome Project is to obtain genetic mapping information and to determine the complete sequence of all human DNA by the year of 2005. The project started in 1990 and 180 million dollars are being spent on it annually. This adds up to a total of over 2 billion dollars for the 15 year budget. Of this 2 billion dollars budgeted, 5% is spent annually on the ethical, legal and social issues. This report focused on some of these issues.

Mapping the human genome was so ground breaking because for the first time it allowed researchers to

This method, as well as the Maxam and Gilbert method, for sequencing DNA are transforming the world of science, medicine and the views of people around the world.

In June 2000, the publicly funded Human Genome Project (HGP) and the private firm Celera Genomics Inc. announced that they had completed sequencing the human genome. This unprecedented accomplishment is expected to enable doctors to diagnose, treat and even prevent numerous genetic diseases. As these two entities worked on sequencing the human genome, there was also a separate and less publicized race to patent as many human genes as possible.

The President’s DNA Initiative* (2007) which developed the first nationally-used, online theoretical base for DNA analyst training and is still in use today.

This paper provides an objective valuation of Rocky Mountain Advanced Genome (RMAG) to be adopted by Big Sur regarding the purchase of a 90% equity stake for $46 million.

Eric Lander has used his work in mammalia genomes to map out 15,000 markers in 1995 (6). Eric Lander has also helped further the study of genomes responsible for several diseases (6). The Scientific paper, “Initial Impact of Sequencing of the Human Genome” by Eric Lander, states that the problem has not currently been completely solved but is ongoing with new discoveries in the human genome everyday

The Human Genome Project (HGP), an international scientific research project, has educated the public tremendously on various topics concerning DNA and genetics. This study has been beneficial to communities alike. As stated, the HGP sought to identify all the genes in human DNA, determine the sequences of the three billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA, store this information in databases, improve tools for data analysis, transfer related technologies to the private sector, and address the ethical, legal, and social issues that may arise from the project. In favor of achieving these goals, scientists studied the genetic makeup of several nonhuman organisms (Human Genome Management Information System, 2011).

As molecular genetic data became available, studies used them to understand human behaviors. Below I briefly summarize the structure of human genome and introduce the genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In humans, 23 pairs of chromosome constitutes the human genome. For each chromosome, the nucleotides on the opposite strands connected together to form tens of thousands of base pairs. Normally, the bonds are either adenine-thymine (A-T) or guanine-cytosine (C-G). These construct the double helix DNA structure. A chunk of a chromosome that relates to certain functions is a gene. The lengths of genes (i.e., a region of DNA) differ. Mutations of genetic variants in genes can lead to diseases or variations in phenotypes. Genetic variants

To begin discussion about the HGP, we first must understand what it is. It is a massive undertaking of collaboration of geneticists that begin in 1990. Their goals are to identify all the estimated 80,000 to 100,000 genes in human DNA and determine the sequences of 3 billion

During the project the scientist goals were to get a finish a whole set of the 3 billion DNA base pairs that make the human genome. They also wanted to be able to find 20,000 to 25,000 human genes. As well as finding the genomes of different organisms that are vital to medical research like a mouse or a fruit fly. Not only did they want to make discoveries in their research but they also wanted to make new tools they could use to get and analyze new data to spread the availability of their information. Some goals were completed and others were not but some of the things they did accomplish were getting a high quality finished sequence of almost the entire human genome. As well as the genome of other organisms including a roundworm and a fruit fly. On their last year they announced that they had completed the genome mouse. The research the scientists made were made viable to view on the internet by the