The Human Genome Project : How They Impact Human Society

The HGP was a 13-year long project started in 1990 with the objective of determining the entire human euchromatic genome sequence. It was a public funded project and the goal was to complete the project within 15 years. Since its inception, the project had been met with scepticism from scientists and commoners alike. One significant doubt was whether the astounding expenditure of the project would outweigh the potential benefits from it. However, the incredible success of the HGP became apparent very soon after completion. Not only did it mark the beginning of a new era in medicine, it also made significant development in the various techniques that can be used for DNA sequencing. This publicly funded, $3 billion project began formally in 1990, under the co-ordinated effort of the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and National Institutes of Health (NIH). Although destined to be completed in 15 years, rapid technological development accelerated the completion date to 2003.

The Goal of the Human Genome Project is to obtain genetic mapping information and to determine the complete sequence of all human DNA by the year of 2005. The project started in 1990 and 180 million dollars are being spent on it annually. This adds up to a total of over 2 billion dollars for the 15 year budget. Of this 2 billion dollars budgeted, 5% is spent annually on the ethical, legal and social issues. This report focused on some of these issues.

Investigating God's majestic and awesome creation and attempting to improve the world should be encouraged not hindered. DNA, the information molecule of all living things, is an example of the part of the body that is being studied by researchers in order to further gain the knowledge to successfully manipulate it. According to Akudo Ejelonu, The Human Genome Project is “an international thirteen-year project that began in October 1990.” This project allows for the study of the elegance and complexity of our own bodies by gathering data from DNA in order to develop new ways to treat, cure, or even prevent the thousands of diseases that can afflict humankind ("What is the Human Genome Project "). For this reason, there are incredible stories of its use, such as doctors being able to safely draw blood from a pregnant woman and analyze the DNA of her unborn child. "Those of us in the field who do diagnostic procedures like CVS and amnio have seen a drastic decrease in the number of those procedures that are being performed," says Dr. Mary Norton, an expert on maternal-fetal medicine and genetics. "Places are reporting doing fewer than half the number of procedures that were being done previously". A dramatic impact like this in the process of prenatal screening could not have happened without the interference of scientists in the study of the human

The Genome project is very significant because it is trying to cure illness and diseases. This project was first started in 1990 and it lasted till 2003 and it took thirteen years to complete the genetic sequencing. The discoveries that were made during this project are now being tested and studied to become more accurate. Furthermore, The genome project is trying to accurately sequence all the genes, cure and prevent different illnesses that affect people all around the world. Mary Shelly's novel Frankenstein can apply to the Genome project because of the importance of both projects.

Human genetics has remained a mysterious and spotty subject throughout history. The farther the human race advances, the more it learns and the more details it is able to clarify. Now, man has come to create a method of mapping out the complex and massive information stored within himself in order to better understand and further the health and lives of those around him. In the following text is explained the Human Genome Project, what it is and what it has accomplished; an objective view of the advantages to this research as well as the possible disadvantages that have arisen throughout the process. What are the long term effects of the

It was rumored last month that the scientists are planning to create a synthetic human genome, however the project was not confirmed until now. It has been finally revealed that the “secret meeting” was called on to take a decision on the new project, dubbed Human Genome Project-Write (HGP-Write).

These advances have only been attainable through a considerable amount research and experimentation. Technological advances have impacted the productivity of researching and altering the structure of DNA as well. Scientists studying “molecular biology, biochemistry, math, computer science, engineering, and the health care industry worked together to turn what began in 1985… into an international scientific consortium… known as the Human Genome Project, begun in 1989” (Carroll and Ciaffa). The Human Genome Project is a scientific research project. The goal of this project is determining the sequence of human DNA and mapping the genes of the human genome. “Computer generated analysis tools designed specifically to understand the significance of the base sequence in this large macromolecule have aided the Human Genome Project tremendously” (Carroll and Ciaffa). New technologies have made it possible to create tools specifically for the use of gene research. That is to say that without the technological breakthroughs we have made, genetic research would be far less

The human genome is the complete set of genetic information for humans. This information is located in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which in the 23 chromosomes pairs.

The Human Genome Project (HGP), an international scientific research project, has educated the public tremendously on various topics concerning DNA and genetics. This study has been beneficial to communities alike. As stated, the HGP sought to identify all the genes in human DNA, determine the sequences of the three billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA, store this information in databases, improve tools for data analysis, transfer related technologies to the private sector, and address the ethical, legal, and social issues that may arise from the project. In favor of achieving these goals, scientists studied the genetic makeup of several nonhuman organisms (Human Genome Management Information System, 2011).

The Human Genome Project is a global initiative to map the approximately 100,000 genes present in the genome of humans. Planning for the project was started in 1989 with a proposal submitted by the Office of Technology Assessment and the National Research Council. In 1990, the actual project began under the joint leadership of the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Energy. The goals of the project are as follows:

The technical aspects of the genome project are relatively complex and still have issues to resolve. The Human Genome Projects goal is to produce a highly accurate reference sequence of the human genome. The human genome is composed of a single compound, DNA. DNA is basically just a sequence of different base pairs, adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine, which are arranged in a double helix structure. Their purpose is to direct cell function and ultimately tissue differentiation. The DNA makes an organism what it is by directing the development of the body, including distinguishing characteristics and biochemical processes. The goal of the project is to sequence this sequence of DNA so that a map of it may be produced that shows the location and arrangement of all of the base pairs present in a human being. The level of accuracy of the DNA sample is 1 error in 10,000 base pairs.(1) The sample should be largely continuous across each human chromosome. The vast majority of human DNA is similar from individual to individual with differences occurring only at specific areas. The project plans to map 80,000 human genes to specific chromosomal location prior to it's completion. When the American genome project was formed the question of how to obtain a representative sample was raised. The decision was made that a DNA sample would be obtained from four individuals. This was further complicated when it was found that the DNA came

The Human Genome Project basically was a research program that worked on a goal to get an image of human genome and get a better understanding of all a human beings genes. DNA is founded on 4 chemical bases, they turn into twisted ladder shaped DNA molecules. And all the the four bases are what create the genes just placed in different ways and different lengths. One revelation of the human genome project was when they learned that there are about 20,500 genes. The Human Genome Project brought many scientist together around the world and each one was an important factor for the project. It was a publicly funded organization and got funds and support from the Department of Energy and US National Institutes of Health

Building off of the work conducted by the Human Genome Project to sequence the entire human genome, the ENCODE Project seeks to delineate the function of the elements identified within the project. Through the collaboration of many different institutions, scientists, and laboratories, the ENCODE Project has been able to identify and assign functions to numerous, including previously unstudied, elements within the genome and further genome-wide understanding beyond just that of protein-coding sequences. Utilizing different biological assays, scientists systematically mapped areas of transcription, chromatin structure, histone modification, and transcription factor association (ENCODE Project Consortium 2012).

Compared to just fifteen years ago the applications and horizons of genetic science have expanded enormously, far beyond simply describing how DNA contributes to the formation of life here on earth. The most important practical advances have built on the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, started in 1990. At the associated research cost of over $3 billion US dollars (c.$2.7 billion actual), a combined research initiative succeeded in fully sequencing the genomic makeup of one human.

By the year 1994, there were more than 130 people working to unravel the genetic basis of human life. The Sanger Institute’s first goals were to map the genome of the nematode worm, two yeasts, and 1/6th of the human genome. 1996 and 98 were when these sequences were successfully completed. Research continued to flourish, sequencing the first pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and completed 36 million bases of the human DNA sequence which quickly shot up to 90 million pairs. The UK, most definitely made the single largest contribution to the Human Genome Project. Sequence information is placed in the public domain as quickly as possible to ensure to constant proliferation of research. The UK also holds the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, which provides a supportive and collaborative environment for all its staff and students, nurturing their intellectual, technical and personal development. Being one of the founders of genomic research, the UK feels qualified to help lead the rest of the world into a molecular-based future.