Structure And Purpose Of The Human Genome Project

Scientist is studying the human genome to determine its sequence. Understanding the genomic sequence can prevent any form of disease, however, each person does not contain the same genomes which means it is hard to understand each genomes sequences. The advantage of understanding the genomics, is to understand how human genomic mutations can lead to life-threating conditions such as cancer and prevent them from happening again. The disadvantage for researching genomics cost a lot of money, the research nearly cost thirteen-billion

Each human being has something called DNA. DNA is described as genetics and an extremely long macromolecule that is the main component of chromosomes and is the material that transfers genetic characteristics in all life forms. DNA constructs of two nucleotide strands coiled around each other in a ladder like arrangement with the sidepieces composed of alternating phosphate and deoxyribose units and the rungs composed of the purine and pyrimidine bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Each chromosome consist of one continuous thread-like molecule of DNA coiled tightly around proteins and contains a portion of the 6,400,000,000 basepairs that make up your DNA.

The human genome project is a way of inspecting our molecular selves. There are three billions of letters that make up the DNA in the human genome that scientists have to study in order to understand our molecular cells. Furthermore, there are all distinct sets of genes that interact with environmental factors, which directly influence things like our physical appearance, personalities and risks for diseases. Geneticist, Jeffery C. Long “None of the observable traits that people associate with race are simple genetic traits. Complex traits are influenced by several genes as well as environment.” -Long, Jeffery C. "RACE - Exploring Our Molecular Selves." RACE - Exploring Our Molecular Selves. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2015.

Our incessant curiosity for knowledge and answers has prompted the intricate research institutions we know today. Among the volumes of research, scientists have searched for innovations to better understand the human body and edge closer to more individualized medicine. In 1990, breakthroughs in genetic technology allowed for researchers to begin a quest to map and understand all the genes of human beings. A mere 13 years later and just shy of $3 billion invested the Human Genome Project successfully mapped the billions of base pairs involved. With the ability to diagnose specific abnormalities, researchers and medical professionals have saved hundreds of ill children to which their survival was indefinite. However, with scientists continuing

Inside each and every cell in your body is a strange chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid, better known as DNA. DNA is a double-helix structure that is made up of billions of nucleotides. They are adenosine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, abbreviated A, T, C, and G, respectively. “The information content resides in those chemical bases arranged within the interior, where A always pairs with T, and C always pairs with G” (Collins 6). These base pairs are lined up in a pattern as rungs on the DNA “ladder”. A gene is a section of base pairs in the strand of DNA. The smallest genes span about a few hundred base pairs, and the largest

The material covered in this PBS special related to our class because we have discussed the Human Genome Project, the structure of DNA, and how genetic mutations work. The Human Genome Project was an international research project that sequences all of the genes in humans. DNA

Scientist have been observing the deeper genetic diversity through the Human Genome Project. The Human Genome Project has helped gain a deep understanding of the molecular cells of an individual, the muscles that let us smile, the brain cells, the cells of our eyes, contain a set of all our genes, the genome. It Is composed of genes, codes, the DNA, mRNA, tRNA, proteins, etc. They form structures that distinguish every individual and by studying the human molecular self has helped scientist the complexity of

In 1980 a projected called The Genome Project was proposed. Although, it didn’t officially start until 1990. The main idea of this project was to determine the DNA sequences of the human genome. Which could ultimately being around 3 billion nucleotide pairs. Another project is called The Human Genome Diversity Project, which is very similar to the Human Genome Project. Both of these projects discussed humans through DNA

Inside every little thing, is a very long molecule of DNA. If scientist can magnify DNA millions of times, we would see a long rope wrapped up several times. Technology allows us to see how our DNA is wrapped up inside each of our cells like a very long rope of spaghetti. Scientists knew that deep within the coils, were large numbers of different genes but wondered where one began and where one ended? Some genes made flesh, and some made blood but what they were trying to find were the proteins in our body. They determined that to find them was to cut the strand into manageable gene sized chunks. Back in the 70’s, scientists came up with an idea that if they could isolate the individual gene, and transfer them to another species, they might be able to understand how they work, and what they could make. There was one researcher, Herb Boyer, that would eventually become the first genetic engineer because of his findings. While working in a lab of a hospital in San Francisco, Boyer began studying tiny creatures called bacteria. Since bacteria are very simple organisms, and can breed rapidly. These organisms make ideal experimental subjects. During

They explain how with the breakthrough of The Human Genome Project scientists will be able to understand a person’s body and how they would react to certain medicine that does not fit well with them. Also, scientists are able to expand their knowledge on causes of future diseases and how they can be stopped before it can occur. Julia Stamps writes, “The increasing abilities to manipulate and analyze DNA are bringing profound changes to society,..(par.14). According to Julia Stamps, The Human Genome Project has the abilities to do many things and individualized medicine is the main one that is most beneficial to society. Being able to manipulate DNA fragments is a great new finding for the society. Through The Human Genome Project we learn many things about DNA, its sequence and how it affects the society that we live in today. Individualized medicine is just the first step to our growing

The human genome is composed of the DNA in chromosomes, that contains the complete genetic material of a human. Genes, information that is stored

Genomics and genome sequencing branched out from the modern genetics field of biology. In 1865, Gregor Mendel became the father of modern genetics. He was the first person to cross breed plants to see how physical traits were passed on from generation to generation. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA (Timeline). Frederick Sanger developed a method for rapidly decrypting DNA to determine the order of bases in a strand in 1977. In 1990, the Human Genome Project (HGP) was started. It was an endeavor that intended to develop the technology needed to map genomes, as well as to map human, mice, and fruit fly genomes. This project ended in 2003 when the human genome was completely mapped up to 99.9% accuracy (Timeline).

Cellular process that are crucial for health or disease are orchestrated by the expression of multiple genes in a network of differential complex signaling pathways, consisting of many physical and functional interactions.

The information that scientists have gathered can be viewed as a set of inheritable instructions for the function of a person's development. People still use the tools scientists made during the Human Genome Project to extend their efforts for characterizing all of the genomes of many different organisms. Its used a lot in biological research for mice, fruit flies and flatworms. Not only did they increase the materials scientists can use, they also provided new advanced methods for understanding and organizing information that came from the Human Genome Project for scientists and other people. The DNA the scientist used for the project came from volunteers whose identity was kept a secret. They provided the scientist with samples of DNA for sequencing. This gave them more than enough DNA to sort through and gather information

Technologies in sequencing are highly accurate but have limitations in read-depth and read length. Read-depth refers to sequencing the highly repetitive regions of DNA with few to no errors. Illumina HiSeq and PacBio have allowed geneticists to fill in the gaps of the human genome saving time and money. In the scope of the read depth issue, researchers are still having issues with undetectable structural variants (SV) including copy number variants (CNV) and small nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). (Bickhart, et al. 2017).