The Human Immune System And Its Effects On Disease Development

The relationship between the human gut microbiome to health and disease is strong. Human physiology, metabolism, nutrition, and immune function are all affected by the composition of the gut. If the composition of the gut microbiome is altered in a way that any of these functions are negatively affected, this can lead to disease. The developments of the microbiome, its complexity, and its functionality in health and disease have been extensively studied. In addition, the way in which it is altered has many implications in the cause of diseases, such as bowel disease, obesity, diabetes and cancer.

What role does the immune system play in keeping the body safe? Please be very specific [9 pts]

The immune system plays a vital role in helping the body to fight diseases, as well as pathogens, the disease-causing factors. It is mainly composed of the tonsils and adenoids, the lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels, the spleen, appendix, and bone marrow. The main purpose of the immune system is to assist the body in its struggle to maintain optimal health.

More than a century ago the notion of microbiota working as a regulator for health and disease was already in use. They realized that consuming large amounts of fermented milk helped with their longevity. This began the foundation of probiotics. However, the oral probiotics that are used today are at a lower amount than what is contained in the colon. After cycling through the digestive system it is

Unique microbiota could suggest a human’s current health or if there is any forthcoming chronic disease (Ley, 2006). Families with shared healthy microbes may be able to help relatives who suffer from gastrointestinal disease; but the extant to which the microbiome is shared across generations is not readily known and more research is needed. The core trends for current research revolve around control of obesity, treatment of gastrointestinal diseases such as Crohn’s, and hormonal manipulation in cases of depression. It is imperative to learn to eat for optimal health, to evolve along with the commensals (Turner et al., 2013) as human diets influence diversity of microbes present (Ley et al., 2008). This is a relatively new field with exciting prospects of positive outcomes for some of society’s more chronic

Entering human body is not easy. The bacteria and other harmful materials can enter human body either via food or cuts and injuries on the skin. However, there foreign agents are not always welcomed in the human body. There are immune cells that fight harmful agents. The immunity system in the human body identifies harmful microbes like bacteria, viruses, and others and provides defense to the body against these substances. There are antigens present in viruses, fungi, or bacteria and these antigens are normally proteins or toxins, chemicals, drugs, etc. that show the presence of foreign harmful agent. The immunity system of man identifies these antigens and fights the microbes producing them.

The organs that make up the lymphatic and immune system are the tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels. White blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), plasma, and platelets (thrombocytes) make up the blood. Lymphocytes are leukocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight off diseases. Two types of lymphocytes are B cells and T cells. Lymphocytes recognize antigens, or foreign substances/matter, in the body. Lymphocytes are a classification of agranulocytes, or cells (-cytes) without (a-) granules (granul/o) in the cytoplasm. B cells are created from stem cells, which are located in the bone marrow. B cells respond to antigens by becoming plasma cells. These plasma cells then create antibodies. Memory B cells produce a stronger response with the next exposure to the antigen. B cells fight off infection and bacteria while T cells defend against viruses and cancer cells. A hormone created by the thymus gland called thymosin changes lymphocytes into T cells. The thymus gland is active when you are a child and slowly shrinks, as you get older. T cells bind to the antigens on the cells and directly attack them. T cells secrete lymphokines that increase T cell production and directly kill cells with antigens. There are three types of T cells: cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells.

Some strategies for ensuring a healthy immune system are don't smoke. Eat a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and low in saturated  fat. Excersice regularly and maintain a healthy weight. Also control your blood pressure and if you drink alcohol, drink it only in moderation and get adequate sleep. Take steps to avoid infection, such as washing your hands frequently and cooking meats  thoroughly. Every of our body, including our immune system, function better when protected from the enveronment. A healthy immune system can defeat invading pathogens and bacteria.

Recent studies conducted with mice have shown that microbes in he stomach keep the immune system in check. If no microbes are detected, the immune system is weakened, increasing the risk of ailments. Rather than run from germs, society should embrace germs, as they are critical in the sustainability of our immune system.

Allergies are a complex response from our immune system to proteins it senses as foreign. The immune system is educated early during development and based on the presence of commensal microbes. The microbial communities the human body houses play invaluable roles from protection to digestion. This study is looking at the microbiome in infants from the Isles of Wight to gain insight allergenic responses. Previous studies have shown associations in children with high levels of Enterobacteriaceae communities produce a more severe allergic responses (ie. asthma, eczema). In contrast, high presence of Bacteroidaceae had a more protective effect against eczema. The goal of this study is to recreate what has been observed in the infants in a murine

The lifelong debate continues, is there anything we can do as individuals to strengthen out immune system. I on one hand thinks that there are things that we can do to maintain a healthy lifestyle. According to the website reference below there are ways to adopt a healthy immune system are: balanced diet, exercise regularly to control your blood pressure, drink alcohol in moderation, and getting adequate sleep are all contributors for maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and to keep our immune systems strong. Low levels of stress are also good ideas to keep blood pressure down and to keep diseases from attacking the body if our defenses are down then we are setting ourselves up for a set back. Contrary to popular belief

There are two categories in which patients may fall into when developing active tuberculosis: those who have previously developed TB disease and a weakened immune system. Categories in which a person may have previously developed TB are those who had close contact with an infected patient; a foreign-born patient who lived in an area where TB was prevalent; and groups that are susceptible to exposure to TB are the homeless, prison inmates, drug users, and HIV-infected individuals. The following are risk factors that are associated with a weakened immune system: HIV infection, substance abuse, immunosuppressive therapy, children under the age of 5, low body weight, and diabetes mellitus (CDC, 2012). Developing TB disease is dependent upon the

1.The topic being addressed in this article is the high improbability that our immune systems have evolved over time. All multicellular organisms have extremely complex immune systems. None of which are the same from one specie to the next. Even though these immune systems are different they all are remarkably efficient in dealing with pathogens.

Regrettably, a very good friend of mine did that when his wife was diagnosed with Liver Cancer, and she suffered devastating pain, uncontrollable nausea, loss of hair and other bodily functions, and eventually died prematurely from the chemotherapy. He knows now that he could have prevented that and she could have regained her health and wellness if he had been aware of the available "natural cancer treatments".

The GIT is a complex environment involving constant interaction between microbiota (infectious & commensal), mucus layer, epithelial cell layer (made of diverse secretory cells), mucosal immune system (innate & adaptive cells), and lymphatic system (Peyer’s patches). Mucus layer and epithelial barrier prevent the direct interaction of the contents with underlying layers, but regulate/modulate the passage of contents across the intestinal barrier. IBD is characterized by intestinal inflammation of unknown etiology. Various theories have been proposed to identify the immune cells, microbiome and elucidate pathways leading to chronic intestinal inflammation. Three main theories35 were proposed & investigated as underlying causes for IBD inflammation - 1.Reaction to persistent inflammation in intestine, 2.Defective intestinal barrier to luminal antigens and 3.Dysregulated host immune responses to normal GIT contents. The mucosal immune system of GIT has co-evolved with several layers to maintain the fine balance between tolerance and vigilance.36 Mucosal immune system and microbial flora of GIT have co-evolved36 and development of mucosal immune cells is dependent upon the presence of specific microbial species without which differentiation & functioning of immune cells is affected. For example differentiation of Th17 cells is dependent upon presence of single species of segmented filamentous bacteria Candidatus arthromitus.38,39 in mice studies. Animal model studies have also