The Human Papilloma Virus ( Hpv )

HPV is so common in the United States that nearly all men and women will contract the virus at some point during life (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2017). In the United States, in 2008, it is reported that 3.2 million, or one in four adolescent women, ages 14 to 19 have had or have an STD (Kostas-Polston et al., 2012). The rate of HPV cases has only increased since 2008. The prevalence of a genital infection with any HPV type was 42.5% among United States during 2013–2014 (CDC, 2017). The incidence of HPV in the United States is about 14 million people each year.

Almost all cervical carcinomas are caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervical cancer can be a life-threating disease. However, over recent years the occurrence of cervical cancer has declined as well as the chance of dying from it. A huge contributing factor to this decline is the importance of a regular pap smear. A pap smear can find cervical pre-cancer before it turns into cancer. Recently, a vaccine for HPV, has been on the market, which provides close to a 100% protection against pre-cancer and general warts. HPV and cervical cancer are two disease that are closely related. However, each disease effects not only similar populations, but also different populations, as well as having its own signs and symptoms, detection procedures,

Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancerous death, in women, since 1950. Approximately 200,000 cervical cancer patients die each year in developing countries. Strains like HPV 16 and 18 cause about 70% of cervical cancer in women– one of the top causes of death in the world (WebMD, 2010, p.1). In the Unites States, about 10,000 women acquire the disease and 3,700 die annually Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is directly associated as a cause of cervical cancer. This virus affects the skin and genital area and, in some cases, it can also infect the throat and mouth. Since the HPV is passed from one person to another through skin-to-skin or sexual contact, sexually active people are more prone to this virus. Merck

Human Papillomavirus(HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) around 20 million people are infected with HPV and additional 6.2 million people are newly infected every year. According to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2003-2004 among sexually active women (57% of 14 to 19 years and 97% of 20 to 59 years) HPV was highest prevalent in youngest age group (40% of 14-19 years and 50% of 20-24 years). Infection rates decrease after age of 24 years. There are more than 100 types of HPV viruses out of which 40 cause genital infections. Out of

In their 2015 study Alves Ribeiro et al. found that women who began having sexual intercourse prior to age of 16 were more than four times as likely to have a HPV infection (OR 4.41; 95%CI:1.20-19.33), and nearly five times as likely for that infection to involve serotypes 16 and 18 (OR 4.68; 95% CI: 1.20-21.32). Moreover, women with a sexual debut prior to age 16 were twice as likely to have a diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)1 or greater (OR 2.2; 95% CI: 0.94-5.08 CITE 2. The same study also demonstrated a statistically significant association between CIN 1 and HPV infection, especially infection with HPV serotypes 16 and 18 (OR 2.76; 95% CI: 1.05-7.19) and (OR 3.53; 95% CI: 1.17-10.67) respectively (Alves Riberio et al., 2015). Over 90% of females in the United States are sexually active by age 24; correspondingly, the prevalence of high-risk HPV peaks at over 43% in the 20-24 age group (Vegunta, Kransdorf, & Mayer, 2014). By age 30, the prevalence of high-risk HPV decreases to 30.4%, and continues to decrease as age increases. It is thought that this age related decrease in prevalence can be attributed to a combination of factors, including, decreased exposure, resistance to reinfections, and HPV’s self-limiting nature (Alves Ribeiro et al., 2015; Vegunta et al., 2014).

Did you know there is more of a link between cervical cancer and HPV than smoking and lung cancer? Cervical cancer is currently the fourth most common cancer in women and the second leading cause of death from cancer in women. Along with those statistics, human papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted viral disease amongst men and women worldwide. The prevalence of women having a strain of HPV that ultimately leads to or increases the chance of cervical cancer is highly relatable. What is pathophysiology, signs, symptoms, prevention, and treatments of this ailment? You might ask will be covered in the next few pages of this paper.

Vanslyke, J. G., Baum, J., Plaza, V., Otero, M., Wheeler, C., & Helitzer, D. (2008). HPV and Cervical Cancer Testing an

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) remains the most commonly sexually transmitted infection in both males and females. (Giuliano et al., 1999).

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA virus that infects the keratinocytes of human skin and mucous membrane. It is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the world. An estimate of 79 million people in the United States are currently infected with HPV(1). With over 100 types of the virus, at least 40 types can infect the genitalia, mouth and throat. Particularly, HPV-16 and HPV-18 cause approximately 70% of cervical cancers. Transmission occurs through sexual intercourse, but can also occur through non-penetrative sexual activities.

The circulation of information on the internet contributes to the array of controversy that surrounds human papillomavirus, the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the virus “is so common that nearly all sexually active men and women get it at some point in their lives.” Human papillomavirus, better known as simply HPV, has close to forty strains, which can lead to warts or the development of cancer. A study conducted by Shelley Francis and Mira Katz revealed that across the globe, “cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity among women. Even though women in developing countries account for approximately 85% of the cervical cancer cases and

The Human Papillomavirus is transmitted through sexual contact. Specifically in males, it can lead to cancers of the anus, penis, and pharynx. The estimated probability that a sexually active person will get a new genital HPV infection is between 29% and 39% (Hawke). The Human Papillomavirus infects both males and females; however, the protective benefit in heterosexual males has not yet been explored. Therefore, this study monitored the efficacy of the HPV vaccine in heterosexual males to see how it affected both the short-term and long-term health of their female partners. This study demonstrated that heterosexual males who received the vaccination and their unvaccinated partners showed higher anti-HPV antibody titer levels, decreased HPV positivity results via PCR tests, and decreased cancer development rates than the unvaccinated men and their unvaccinated partners. For the Pap smears, those with both groups of men were tested and it was found that women with unvaccinated men were more likely to have abnormal Pap smears than those who were with vaccinated men. The initial goal of developing the HPV vaccination in 2006 was to protect women against cervical cancer (Edgar). As the years progressed, males were encouraged to receive the vaccination, and the results of our study reveal the dual role of vaccinating men in protecting against certain types of anal and penile cancer, as well as serving as increased protection to their partners.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection. HPV family of viruses comprises many oncogenic and non-oncogenic types that cause anal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers and anogenital warts in men respectively. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at particularly high risk for HPV infection and HPV-related disease (Markowitz et al., 2014). In one study, oncogenic HPV types 16 and/or 18 were detected in 37% of MSM between ages 16 and 30 years (Glick et al., 2014). Anal cancer rates are more than 17 times higher among MSM compared to their heterosexual counterpart (Daling et al., 2004, Joseph et al., 2008; Machalek et al., 2012). Anal cancer rates are even higher among HIV-positive MSM (Silverberg et al., 2012). Moreover, recent data revealed a rapid increase in HPV associated oropharyngeal cancers rates among men in the United States (Charturvedi et al., 2011). Aside from cancer, HPV associated anogenital warts negatively affect quality of life and are expensive to treat (Woodhall et al., 2011). Close to 7% of gay and bisexual men report history of genital warts. (Dinh et al., 2008)

tobacco use – women who smoke are about twice as likely as non-smokers to get cervical cancer.

Of the more than 100 known strains of HPV, fifteen types have been found to be the most carcinogenic and contribute to 95% of all cervical cancers. HPV-16 accounts for at least 50% of all cervical cancer while HPV-18—the second most carcinogenic—accounts for at least 10%. At the same time, HPV-16 alone accounts for more than 80% of all vulvar and vaginal cancer (p. 250). But cervical, vulvar, and vaginal cancers represent only a portion of the carcinogenic effects of HPV. Nearly a decade after the studies that linked HPV to genital cancers, Cleveland et al. (2011) completed a meta-analysis study of The Cochrane Library and the National Guideline Clearinghouse between January 2005 and May 2011, finding that “HPV-16 alone is associated with 85 to 95 percent of oropharyngeal cancers” (p. 917). Furthermore, the meta-analytical study of more than one million women on five continents by Bruni et al. found that between 14.0 and 24.0% of women studied were infected with a form of potentially cancer-causing HPV (p. 1790). Prior to Bruni et al.’s study, it had been presumed that only 10% of the world’s women were infected with HPV (de Sanjose et al., 2007), the true rates being 40% to 140% greater than expected. In other words, once a direct cause-effect relationship between HPV and cancer was found, the need to prevent HPV infection became an exigent, global issue for both men and women’s health.

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a group of more than 200 related viruses. More than 40 HPV types can be easily spread through direct sexual contact via vaginal, anal, and oral sex (NIH-NCI, 2015). While high-risk HPV types cause approximately 5% of all cancers worldwide, in the United States, high-risk HPV types cause approximately 3% and 2% of all cancer cases among women and men respectively. Cervical cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, anal cancer, penile cancer, and oropharyngeal cancers can be caused by high-risk HPV (de Martel et al., 2012; Jemal et al., 2013).