The Hydrates Forming Reaction

To use the ideal gas law, the atmospheric pressure was adjusted for due to the lower pressure in the buret when compared to the outer atmospheric pressure. This unequalization of pressures, although corrected, may still be slightly off, thus potentially causing later calculation error when using the ideal gas law to solve for the moles of CO2.

Coal is a sedimentary material the amount of pyrite in coal is related to the amount of disposal organic material that was compressed and formed

This report concerns the acid-catalyzed hydration of norbornene to produce exo-norborneol. Such hydration reactions of alkenes typically occur under acidic conditions so that a strong enough electrophile is available in solution for the nucleophilic double bond on the alkene to successfully attack it. This is to say, that if this reaction is done in water, with the hydrogen as the electrophile, the O-H bond is too strong for the double bond to effectively attack the hydrogen and detach it. If instead H3O+ is available in acidic conditions, the extra proton attached to the molecule is the electrophile; this electrophile is strong enough for the reaction to proceed.

In this lab, "Gravimetric Methods," students were expected to be able to calculate the mass percentage of an unknown hydrate, describe the process of gravimetric analysis, and put together the equipment needed to evaporate water from the unknown hydrate.   Gravimetric analysis is the process in which an amount of a substance can be found by measuring the mass.  By comparing the masses of two compounds that contain the substance, one can successfully complete a gravimetric analysis.  The initial recorded mass will be different from the final recorded mass since part of the substance evaporates from the container.  By subtracting the initial mass from the final mass, students can determine the amount of the substance that evaporated.  They can

The properties of hydrates lab centralized on discovering the characteristics of hydrates, such as the percentage of water contained, determining if dehydration is reversible or not, as well as the mathematical relationship of mass lost during dehydration. Hydrates contain water molecules in their crystalline structure – these molecules possess the capability of being removed by heat. By applying water to the dehydrated substance, it can then be determined if the reaction is irreversible or not. This could be applied to the real world in terms of dehydrated food. According to CK-12, by removing water from food, commonly referred to as MREs (Meals Ready to Eat), an individual is capable of carrying more items with him or her in a time of need

The igneous intrusions in the Raton Basin provide a high temperature and pressure environment promotes an increase in generation of gas (Jian and Cheng, 2014). No evidence suggests that the different intrusions within the coal were at different temperatures (Rooper et al., 2006). It has been suggested that the heat from the dikes enhance adsorption and porosity in coals and also increase the trap capacities of gas storage (Jian and Cheng, 2014). Igneous intrusions create safety problems in the mines underground and the gas created could result in the projection and rapid release of gases (Jian and Cheng, 2014).

The study shows that any release of carbon dioxide is happening in a very gradual manner that is taking far longer than originally was thought would occur, which is good news for the Earth’s environment.

If the volume of the combustion container is 10.0 L, calculate the final pressure in the container when the temperature is changed to 110.° C. (Assume no oxygen remains unreacted and that all products are gaseous.)

After the whole set up is done we will switch on the lamps, measure the initial length of water and start the stopwatch after as we see 2 or 3 bubbles (which signify process has started).

We used a bunsen burner to burn the hydrate off and took the mass of the hydrate to make sure it was all gone.

The volume of carbon dioxide gas produced from a reaction was measured in order to determine what carbonate sample was used. A gas assembly apparatus was used to capture the gas from a reaction between an unknown carbonate and 6M hydrochloric acid; three trials were performed. The mass of the unknown carbonate was determined, and the reaction occurred in a test tube. The volume of gas produced by the reaction was measured, and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide was calculated after the partial pressure of water vapor was determined using Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures. The percent mass of carbon dioxide gas was then calculated, and the average mass percent was compared to the table of known carbonates. It was concluded that the unknown carbonate sample used in the reaction was magnesium carbonate.

To reduce the effect of CO2 emission, carbon capture and storage technology (CCS) was introduced by geological storage of CO2 under the solubility trapping mechanism. Enhancing CO2 solubility in formation water has always been of great importance to the investigators in the area of CO2 storage. Ultrasound technique is one of the environmental friendly methods that uses high intensity acoustic waves to alter properties of different phases that lead to chemical reactions and provide a means to increase the solubility of CO2 in connate water. In this study we investigated the effects of ultrasound on the solubility of CO2 in connate water under different conditions of pressure, temperature, and salinity. The results showed that the solubility

Coal is a combustible black or blackish brown sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or seams. The harder form such as Anthracite may be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal from different stratigraphic sequence differs from each other in terms of their chemical composition and physical properties. These differences may arise due to the probable difference in the supply material or the difference in depositional environment of the coal. The study of these coal properties provide and improved understanding of the origin and the depositional environment of the coal along with the grade of coal produced during such depositional environment.

Geological structures within the earth can determine a multitude of variables when determining such things as formations, permeability, porosity, lithology, mineralogy, saturation and normal/abnormal/subnormal pressure which in turn can provide the necessary information for reservoir pay zones. The foundation for hydrocarbons is based off of the organic theory which states that the hydrocarbons formed through an anaerobic environment (lacking oxygen) over time with high pressures and relatively low temperatures (300°F - 392°F) with carbon based materials such as algae. The basis for algae is the fact that the ocean contained around 95% of plankton in the ocean and reservoirs for hydrocarbons are found in sediments made up of

The effective stress is proportional to the confining pressure and pore pressure. Results, a trend of exponential decline in permeability with increasing effective stress is observed. During the passage of CO2 through the coal sample, the gas is absorbed, which cause volume deformation.