The Impact Of Marine Genetic Resources On The Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

In order to combat inconsistent claims to the sea, spreading pollution, competing demands for living marine organisms, tension between nations for resources, and the increasing push for seabed mineral extraction, UNCLOS was created (United Nations 2013). The primary purpose of UNCLOS is to support the efficient use of marine resources, the conservation of living resources, and the protection/preservation of the marine environment (Wang 2004). One of the main benefits of UNCLOS is that it increases the ability for coastal nations to be able to create their own marine protected areas (MPAs) (Craig 2005). In general, MPAs are considered to be the most effective way to preserve and increase marine biodiversity and create sustainable fisheries (Craig 2005; Metcalfe et al. 2013). Even though it has been proven that they are extremely beneficial, only 1.17% of the ocean’s surface is considered to belong to a MPA. In comparison, about 12.7% of the terrestrial environment is considered to belong to a protected region, even though we impact the terrestrial environment less detrimentally than the marine environment (Metcalfe et al. 2013).

Presented in an informal style of writing, “What Is Ocean Exploration and Why Is It Important?” inform its readers about the importance of researching and discovering the unknown ocean. It explains how much work is needed for the documentation of the ocean in varies areas, at the same time it addresses that scientist will be able to better understand the unknown oceans. For example, the time needed to obtain and study the result, as well as answer how the change in atmosphere will cause the ocean to react and affect life. The information obtain will also provide the baseline for scientist, researcher and government agencies to make important and dangerous decisions for the future. Sometime during research amazing things happen and new resources may be revealed. Besides informing about the ocean researching, the article also has a background idea as it is trying to encourage and get its readers interested into joining the field of ocean researching by emphasizing the role the ocean plays and how it will help ensure that ocean resources are well managed for future generations to enjoy.

Within explicit texts, "Into the Deep," by Spencer Kayden moreover including, "What's Down There," by Mackenzie Carro, there is a ubiquitous theme concerning the correspondence between humankind and the subterrene ocean. It investigates how we are achieving to find life submerged in the sea using modern technology. It explains that we continue to discover multiple forms of life underneath the shores using research and submersibles. Because of this detail and additional ideas pointed out in both pieces, the two are more comparable than expected.

Sections 12.1 and 12.2 of the text discuss the origin and composition of the world ocean’s seawater.

This doctrine consists of universal international values, but indigenous societies are not in favour of universal implementation of this kind of law because it interferes with the social framework of the society which in turn consists of

Marine conservation was traditionally focusing on resolving the common issue where commercial activities exploiting shared resources yielded private benefits of employment, economic benefits as well as increased harvests. In this process, resources were over-used (Bulte, et al, p.20). Therefore, a need rose to conserve the common marine resources to yield public goods of biodiversity and ecosystem services that are not taken into consideration by the marine policies. Unless the public goods nature of marine resources is addressed by the marine policies, provision, as well as conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services will be a dream to achieve, even if other policies like catch shares and top-down command measures are put in place (Arriagada and Charles, p.804). This discussion will focus on the various incentives for marine biodiversity conservation within the typical public good structure.

The marine biome has a big influence on our terrestrial climate. It provides rain for crops through evaporation, wind to help circulate the air, and affects coastal temperatures.

Overall Marine Biology is important because today the possibilities for ocean exploration are endless. So far, in spite of advanced technology it has been concluded that only 5% of the ocean has actually been explored. We may also face great risks not only to the environment but to our own human health as well. The public has been aware of these dangerous risks and are now taking action and are encouraging other agencies to help take action and promote research.

According to Chris Maser, in his article “Marine Protected Areas Are Essential for Ensuring Ocean Biodiversity,” published in Endangered Oceans (2014), providing protection from anthropological effects, such as overfishing and drudging of marine habitats is essential to ensuring that biodiversity is protected and fisheries are sustainable for the long term.

Not everyone agrees with underwater mining. Conservationist believes this mining could greatly impact the biodiversity of the ocean that should be protected and since we do not know the full effect of mining to the ocean It's better not do take the chance. In response to this, The ISA or International Seabed Association launched by the United Nations set restrictions on where the minerals were mined. They issue contracts to countries to mine but tell them where they cannot mine.

Throughout human existence, people have relied on oceans for everything from food to a place to dump waste. The activities that take place on land and in water have affected ocean productivity, ecosystems and physical aspects in various ways. Over the last century, the uncontrolled growth of fishing, pollution, and habitat destruction, along with other factors have changed the sea life. Although there

The world is home to many living things, the majority of life on earth though is living in the ocean with a percent of 94%. Since the beginning of the 1800s, man has been mapping the great oceans and what’s in them, but no more than 90 years ago have we started to look deeper. The ocean hasn't been completely explored, but with the advances in ocean exploration technology, scuba diving’s, and with those finds of strange creatures and treasures along the way.

Research will help to close the knowledge gaps in biodiversity and global change. There are many aspects of the oceans that are under-studied for example climate change, Arctic and deep water. We need a strong stewardship in governing human activities to conserve the living and harvest the non- living resources. We don’t have a complete picture on movement of masses of water, the impacts of oil spills, depletion of fisheries, or correlation between sea-level rise and the coastal erosion. Only five percent of the ocean bottom has even been mapped, and only recently have scientists begun to understand what goes on at great ocean depths. [3]. A concrete research plan is needed to identify appropriate technologies, infrastructure, and subject matter expertise. The research needs to address the interdisciplinary problems.

Recently, scientists have been noticing a quite thing occurring in the ocean that had never been seen before. Scientists have been recently finding a new type of algae in the ocean that does not have very great effects on the environment. Many say that this alga is probably a type of algae that is similar to the ones that grew millions of years ago; this alga is toxic though. It releases terrible pungent odors that can affect health. This algae was first discovered in Australia by fisherman and is now ruining Australian fishing industries by taking over the ocean. Scientist Judith O’Neil from the University of Queensland was the first scientist to discover the origins of this toxic algae. It has been considered a fireweed since it has

It was Mihaljo Mesarovic, the author of “Mankind at the Turning Point”, who once said “The Earth has cancer and the cancer is man”. He was definitely onto something. In fact, humans have had a major negative impact on the world’s marine environment. Throughout recent human history, it has been obvious that the wellbeing of the marine environment has been in jeopardy. Pollution of the ocean, overfishing and the greenhouse gases these are all the aspects that can cause the destroying of the precious environments, such as reefs, sea-grass and coastal habitats. According to the essay and interview “Seafarming at the End of the World”, written by Peter Meehan, he presents the fact that human impact on the ocean is the main reason that causes the awful situation of marine ecosystem and organisms.