The Impact Of Parenting On Child Development

Parenting styles have been described as the collection of parents’ behaviors which create an atmosphere of parent-child interaction across situation (Mize and Petit, 1997). Darling and Steinberg (1993) defined parenting style as “a constellation of attitudes toward the child that are communicated to the child and that, taken together, create an emotional climate in which the parents’ behaviors have expressed.” Despite these challenges, researchers have uncovered convincing links between parenting styles and the effects these styles have on children. There are different styles of parenting: authoritative, authoritarian and permissive.

The monarchic, extremely controlling type of technique tolerates low acceptance, exercises punishment, is low in involvement, and grants the child little to no autonomy. In other words, authoritarian parents do not explain the importance of following rules; instead, if a child questions the rules or regulations, the parents give them the “my way or the highway” type of response. There is parent-to-child communication, but a strong lack in child-to-parent communication. Berk (2013) shows that when compared to other types of parenting, authoritarian-parented children in middle childhood and adolescence receive lower grades, self-esteem, independence, and develop anxiety and or depression. In addition, authoritarian-reared children are typically influenced greatly by their peers and distance themselves from their parents—which results in an avoidant or disorganized attachment. However, Berk (2013) makes note that since the parents are very controlling, a child who has authoritarian parents commits fewer unsociable acts and receives higher grades than children who have permissive or uninvolved parents. Overall, without a secure attachment, an authoritarian-reared child typically lacks developmentally in self-esteem and emotional self-regulation

Per research children raise by authoritative parents have better home, emotional, and social adjustment as to compared to children raised by authoritarian parents (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). Authoritative and permissive parenting style considered healthy. These parents are warm, nurturant and open minded to their children. They allow their children to make decisions in social matters. Permissive parents more likely have few demands and restrictions on their children. They exhibit uncontrolled behavior, rarely punish and low levels of self-reliance (Broderick & Blewitt, p.183 2015). Authoritarian and neglecting-uninvolved parenting style considered unhealthy and negative. Authoritarian parents have control over their child every move. They

As the social, emotional, and academic effects vary in children and adolescent, the choice of parenting style should be an informed decision to ensure their individual needs are met. Some children raised in dramatically different environments can later grow up to have very similar personalities. Conversely, children who are raised in the same environment can grow up to have opposite personalities. Despite these inconsistencies, researchers have found a direct correlation between parenting styles and the effects these styles have on children. Research has identified four main parenting styles based on two aspects of parenting behavior, control, and warmth. When these two aspects of parenting behavior merge, four primary parenting styles occur, authoritative, authoritarian and permissive. Authoritarian parenting provides strict parental control with little to no warmth. Authoritative parenting provides intermediate control and warmth, and permissive parenting provides little parental control and considerable warmth. Each of these parenting styles has a direct

The complex exchange between parents and adolescence offers the prospect to influence the child regularly. Parenting styles figures in as a prime part of a child’s mental health and behaviour. Parenting refers to the parent’s actions and reactions to their child, including expectations, beliefs and values. Diana Baumrind (1971, 1991), psychologist, based parenting on two aspects including control and warmth. Baumrind used the combination of these aspects in different ways to identify the four styles of parenting used today, consisted of, authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved parenting. Authoritarian parenting, the strictest parenting style, is the method in which parents display little warmth and are highly controlling.

Children with authoritarian parents often follow rules, but has low self-esteem and has fear of punishment and some may be aggressive because of how strict the parents are. Where children who grew up with authoritative parents are often happy and independent and knows how to solve things by themselves. Children with permissive parents often doesn’t follow rules and may show behavioural problems. While children with uninvolved parents tend to lack self-esteem and is emotionally sad and often has behaviour problems. Positive and Negative effects may come from different styles of parenting. The child’s development may depend on what style of parenting their parents

Parenting styles are used to define in what manner a parent interacts with their child. A theory, first proposed by Baumrind, breaks down parenting styles into three different levels of control and warmth. Permissive parenting involves leniency and indulging the child’s needs, whereas authoritarian parenting involves high levels of control and punishment. In the middle lies authoritative parenting, a style of parenting that practices control, but also values communication and individuality (Karmakar, 2015). In North America, parents are often stuck between an authoritative and permissive style of parenting. Oftentimes, it is believed that a child receives greater happiness and growth from a warm family that directs little control over the actions of the child (Barton & Hirsch, 2014). However, the opposite is true; parents enforcing an authoritative style aided children in higher confidence, allowing them to tackle difficult activities (Hibbard & Walton, 2014). Due to the lack of benefits attained from a permissive style of parenting, it is encouraged that an authoritative style, focusing on warmth and control, be adopted.

Parents that are authoritative encourage and allow their children to be independent, but the parent also sets boundaries and limits. If a child needs to be disciplined or punished, the parent does so, but not in a harmful way. When a child has parents that are authoritative, it helps build the child’s security and confidence, causing for a higher self-esteem and better social skills. This parenting style is one of the most common as well. Authoritarian parenting means that the parents set too much of a structure and not a whole lot of communication. Doctor Riggio in “Psychology Today” stated that authoritarian refers to as the “spare the rod, spoil the child” rule. Due to the fact that the parent does not communicate a whole lot it causes the child to lack communication skills with others, which may also lead to low self-esteem. Children that grow up around authoritarian parents are more likely to become authoritarian themselves.

When people become parents, few understand that the role of a parent changes, and evolves as their child grow. Their new job begins with cuddles, diaper changes, late night feedings and sleep depravation. It is during this time, a bond is made, making the child - parent relationship, one of the most special relationships in their lifetime. In no time at all, they watch their child experience the terrible twos, and the first day of kindergarten. They watch them grow through school, where they will make new friends, go on dates and get their driver 's license. During this time, the parent role adjusts to their child 's needs, giving support, guidance and love along the way.

Now that the association between parenting and its effect on child behavior is made relative, we can take a look at negative parenting styles and its association with delinquency. Wilma Smeenk, and Jan Gerris have done an analysis that associated parenting with delinquency. This analysis was able to link parental monitoring, psychological control, and negative aspects of support like rejection and hostility. The demographic was divided by parent and child gender, child age, informant on parenting, and delinquency type.

When it comes to exploring the relationship between parenting and childhood outcome there are a lot of undetermined answers but a lot of my subjects agreed on the same things. When I asked my subjects how masculine a boy is they all said it is dependent on the outside environment. This means my subjects believe that the outcome of how masculine or feminine a boy is depends heavily on whom he surrounds himself with. Although parenting style highly contributes to a child’s well being, when a child is at school whoever he or she decides to surround itself with will have a huge impact on the outcome of your child. I then asked my subjects what they believed sexual preference was mostly dependent on. My grandmother believes sexual preference roots from the outside environment. This sense of blame on someone other than a parent is what makes me believe my grandmother is very conservative when it comes to sexual preference. Another two of my respondents said that sexual preference comes from the child’s friends. These two respondents were my Aunt Debby and Uncle Eric. Both who throughout this entire interviewing process have showed some of the most conservative, exclusionist views. When it came to my mom she believed its Gods will and when a persons sexual preference goes against the societal “norm” there is no way of avoiding it and no finger to point. My last respondent was my Aunt Penny who has very strong democratic views and is one of my most inclusive interviewees. She

A parents parenting style has a direct effect on children at a young age. The primitive age for development in a child is between the ages of 3-7. This also happens to be when parenting styles are developed. External factors, like parenting styles, can have a direct and sometimes negative effect on children. The child with an authoritarian parent is often associated with low academic performance because of the pressure to do well. This child also may have a low self esteem, poor social skills, possible mental illness and could be into drugs or addicted to drugs (Milevsky et al., 2007). These children are often thought of as delinquents due to too much attention from the parent and overwhelming sense of wrong doing with their parent hanging over their back. This child may act out in school or to other higher authority figures. These children may have poor social skills and are less independent compared to others their age. Children with permissive parents usually do not follow the rules; have worse self-control because they were never taught at home. As well as, encountering more problems in relationships and social interactions. Children that have neglectful parents are impulsive and do not self regulate their emotions. These children often encounter more delinquency and addiction problems as well as have mental issues. These children are among the rates of committing or attempting suicide (Milevsky et al., 2007). Finally, children with authoritative parents are often the

Through taking part in investigation it will be determined whether a single mother looking after a child has an impact on their child’s development. Sole parenting has become more common within our society, this can be through separation, divorce and the death of a partner. It is an important factor that needs to be addressed because of the significant increase in the rate of parents getting divorced in this past century. Now that arranged marriages have decreased, it has been identified how our culture has dramatically changed over the years. There are advantages and disadvantages on a child in the scenario of sole parenting, which can affect the child in different areas of their development throughout growth.

Additionally, authoritarian parents are more demanding, are unresponsive to their children’s needs, and expect much of their children. Furthermore, authoritarian parenting is rigid, obstructive, and retributive where parents burden children to respect their efforts and words and follow their directions. These parents often punish their children emotionally or physically (Marsiglia et al., 2007). Authoritarian parents never encourage verbal give and take. Nonetheless, several researchers have found out that this parenting style impacts children negatively and is connected with less than vigorous results comprising low success, low self-esteem, augmented nervousness, and reduced happiness (Wolfradt, Hempel and Miles, 2003). To children, this parenting style is unfair as the children have to obey their parents and have no choice. The children become so dependable and this affects their emotional, cognitive, and social development. Hence, these children might dissident and grow misconducts as a symbol of dissent counter to their parents.

Parenting practices can differ and be varied. This research is trying to address parenting practices and determine what might work the best. Bornstein and Manian (2013) are trying to determine the relationship between a mother’s responsiveness and the effect it will have on her child. Before conducting this research, the experimenters already believed that parenting practices have an effect on a child’s development. The study’s main question was whether some is more and in other words: How are global judgments of maternal parenting sensitivity given to certain levels of maternal contingent responsiveness to specific infant behaviors? (Bornstein et al 2013) The primary hypothesis was that specific infant and mother behaviors would have many variations, and a secondary hypothesis was that mother behaviors would subject to chance on infant behaviors. (Bornstein et al 2013) The participants were 335 European-American and their infants. The procedure was conducted in each of the mother’s homes by a videographer to observe record infant-mother behavior in a one-hour interval. They did this in their home because that is their most natural and comfortable environment. The results supported their hypothesis. There were many correlations between a mother and infant’s behavior. They also concluded that some is more when it comes to responsive parenting. In order to have a more accurate conclusion to their study, they will need to have a more diverse population. Also, they plan