The Importance Of Animal Protocol

Dzevdet Smajlovic, professor from the Department of Neurology at the University of Tuzla in Bosnia stated that

Animal testing has contributed to many life-saving cures, treatments, and major advances in understanding and treating conditions such as breast cancer, childhood leukemia, brain injuries, cystic fibrosis, malaria, multiple sclerosis, tuberculosis, and many others, and was instrumental in the development of pacemakers, cardiac valve substitutes, and anesthetics. Using animals as research subjects is appropriate because they are similar to human beings in many ways.

When using non-humans there needs to be justification to inflict this kind of sacrifice, due to the number of rats that did die during this study is a major concern and as Stephan and Zucker’s study was conducted in 1972 before the regulations were tightened, it is unlikely their study would be permitted today.

The students will first perform surgery on the rats. Each animal with be anesthetized. Following standard surgical procedures, an incision will be made in the scalp and two holes drilled in the animal's skull. Electrodes will be lowered into the brain to create lesions on each side. The animals will then be allowed to recover.

A hypothetical experiment is proposed that inquires into the effects of cutting a specific part of the hypothalamus of cats. In the experiment, cats would have a surgery in which their hypothalamus is cut, when the cat would recover from the surgery, their behavior would be observed. The cats would then be painlessly euthanized via an injection of poison. This research raises a question as to whether the experiment is ethical and follows the guidelines described in the Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in the Care and Use of Animals (developed by the American Psychological Association's Committee on Animal Research and Ethics [CARE]). After careful examination of the APA CARE guidelines, the experiment would be ethical because there were no technical

A cohort of mice underwent a second mTBI after 24 hours. Mice from both WT and Tg groups were assessed 2 days, 9 weeks, and 16 weeks after mTBI treatment. Primarily, H&E stain was employed along with Gomori’s iron stain to localize site and severity of mTBI injury. The degree of A deposition in the somatosensory cortex (SSC), the perihippocampal cortex (PHC), and the hippocampus (HP) of both hemispheres was determined by 4G8 immunostaining. In addition, GFAP staining was used to quantify the population of astrocytes at the site of the injury. Furthermore, Sandwich ELISA was utilized in mice groups 16 weeks after injury to measure A40 and A42 peptide levels in various brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the cerebellum. Such tissues were also analyzed for isoprostane levels that are produced by lipid peroxidation. Isoprostanes were also detected in urine samples at various survival periods. Moreover, mice underwent Morison water maze (MWM) and composite neuroscore (NS) tests at 16 weeks’ post-injury to examine cognitive and motor functions respectively. Uryu and collegues found a significant increase in iron deposits and reactive astrocytes in the repetitive mTBI postmortem sections of Tg mice, when compared to other groups at 16 weeks after the injury. This was not the case in WT mice. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the A burden within select brain regions (i.e. SSC, PHC, HP) of single and

Animal research plays a significant part in clinical trials. For centuries, animals have saved human lives “in the name of science”, emerging new pharmaceutical interventions and effective procedures. Consequently, humans are living longer and scientists are encouraged to experiment new trials on lab animals to continuously save and improve human lives. Therefore in this paper, I will discuss the efficacy of scientific feeding behavior studies on non-human primates.

DRG isolation, plating, and axon elongation: Adult DRG from C1 to L1 will be dissected from SD rats ≥ 8 weeks of age using standard techniques.14,32,33 Dissected DRGs are treated in 0.25% collagenase-P (Boehringer Mannheim) in Neurobasal media (Invitrogen) for 1.5 hours followed by a treatment in 0.25% trypsin in cell dissociation buffer for an additional 1.5 hours. After trypsin inhibition, the pellet will be resuspended in complete medium and mechanically separated using a fire polished pasture pipet until the DRGs are completely dissociated. The DRG cells will be plated along the elongation interface and maintained in complete growth medium consisting of Neurobasal Media supplemented with B27 (Invitrogen), 1% FBS (Hyclone) and 1mM L-Glutamine (Invitrogen), 2.5g/L glucose, and 10μg/mL 2.5S nerve growth factor (Becton Dickinson). After cells attach, DRG cultures will be immediately treated with mitotic inhibitor cocktails consisting of 5 μM cytosine arabinoside, 20 μM 5-fluoro-2’-deoxyuridine and 20 μM uridine. Five days after plating, the axon fascicles spanning the two overlapping membranes will be elongated. Stretch-induced axon elongation is controlled by

___________ is a stain used in brain image analysis that can illustrate the number of neurons.

For measurement of ROS, slides were thawed at room temperature for 10-15 min, then sections were fixed in 4% neutral buffered formalin for 10 min at room temperature to preserve tissue morphology (Tronel et al., 2013). After washing 3 ×5 min with PBS, slides were incubated with 1 µmol/L dihydroethidium (DHE, Sigma-Aldrich Canada Ltd, Oakville, ON, Canada) for 30 min at room temperature. After a single PBS wash, coverslips were applied with Dako fluorescent mounting media (Dako Northe America Inc., Carpinteria, CA). The red fluorescent product resulting from the oxidation of DHE was visualized using an excitation wavelength of 488 nm with an Axio Imager. An A2 Upright Microscope equipped with a Colibri, 2 Illumination System was connected to an AxioCam MRc camera and Zen AxioVision Imaging Software (Carl Zeiss Microscopy, Thornwood, NY), under the ×10 objective with a rhodamine emission filter. DHE fluorescence was quantified using ImageJ software. Images were first converted to 8-bit format, and the specific brain nuclei were selected as regions of interest. Threshold discrimination was used to select the positive staining within each region. Sections from control and Ang II treated animals were assayed in parallel (3-6/rat for each nucleus), and the same camera, laser and detector settings were used throughout. Identity of brain nuclei was confirmed by staining

Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) is a means of therapy that is intended to help the patient's recovery advance, the patients can express themselves with and through the pet. Patients are allowed to pet, groom and walk, ride or swim with the animal giving them a chance to nurture and find companionship with the pet. Some of the goals are to improve a patient's social, emotional and/or cognitive functioning. The therapists seeks to achieve a better rapport with the patient channeled through the use of the animal that is assisting in the therapy. Due to concerns from institutions, health professionals have concerns about animal's hair, dirt and germs, but procedures of cleanliness have been developed that would permit pet-therapy programs at most hospitals and nursing homes.

It is vital for scientists to study the disease and its progression to fully understand it and find a means of treating it. Traditionally scientist use primary neuronal cultures to study Alzheimer’s. However this method is very expensive and quite time consuming (Ray et al., 2014). The process for a primary neuronal culture from a mouse or rat is quite an extensive procedure. Prior to carrying out the experiment 19 to 21 days are needed to breed an embryo. At the late embryonic stage of the pregnancy, the embryo within the pregnant mouse is dissected out of its mother to be used in the lab (Seibenhener and Wooten, 2012). Anaesthesia is not used during this process as it is known to cause brain cell death (Jevtovic-Todorovic et al. 2003). From this point the embryo is removed and then cut into to remove its brain, more specifically a part of the hippocampus to be cultured (Seibenhener and Wooten, 2012). This type of procedure is unethical to mice, time consuming as well as expensive. In addition various reports have stated that primary neuronal cultures are not a very accurate method of studying Alzheimers disease because of certain limitations. For example it is quite difficult to study the true physiological functions of the brain and the disease in isolated primary neuronal culture (Xiong and Gendelman, 2014). It is challenging for scientists to observe the true state of a neuronal

This is a sensitive issue area in regards to research. There are many types of research that just are not feasible to do with human subjects; therefore the justification for non-human animals come into the experiment. Even though there are many benefits to using animals, many animal rights groups maintain strong opposition to using animals for research. This is why the APA has developed the Committee on Animal Research and Ethics (CARE). It is the responsibility of CARE to audit that all ethics regarding animal usage is followed (“Committee on animal,” 2014). Due to the sensitivity of testing on animals the APA has developed very strict standards regarding usage of animals as subjects. They range from justification, housing of said animal, acquisition, and procedures. These requirements outline absolute necessity in order to reduce the unnecessary usage of animals in testing.

Some of the earliest records on animal testing date back to ancient Greek philosophers and physicians such as Aristotle (1). Since then, the use of animals in experimentation has grown tremendously and has evolved into an indispensable arm of biology. Whether it be to test the effects of various chemicals on living organisms or developing a model of a disease for future study, biology makes ample use of model organisms for a variety of purposes and without their implementation many of the medical advancements we enjoy today would not exist. Despite their deep and widespread historical use, the ethical considerations of using these animals is still a highly debated topic around the world. This essay will argue that animal use is vital to the advancement of biology and that ample ethical standards are in place to ensure they receive the

Supplementary Fig. 1 Representative photomicrographs of cresyl-violet stained sections from an intra-BLA PBS-infused (a-d) and an ibotenic acid-infused (e-h) rat brain. Note the absence of neuronal cells in the BLA of ibotenic acid infused rat. Scale bar = 200, 100, 50 and 25 µm at 4×,10×, 20× and 40× magnification, respectively.