The Importance Of Cellular And Cellular Signals Regulating Vascularization Of The Embryonic Heart

In this experiment, the external and internal structures of a sheep’s heart was examined and identified by dissection. To determine the functionality of a human heart since they are both mammals.

1. The pulmonary circuit is supplied by which ‘side” of the heart? The systemic circuit? The right atrium

How does the structure of cardiac myocytes and intercalated disks follow the function of cardiac muscle tissue

|Required: |Heart |The heart and circulatory system | Coronary artery disease (narrowing of the |

R E V I E W S H E E T 30 Anatomy of the Heart

Anomalous coronary arteries currently affect approximately 1% of the population. And due to the lack of frequency in which coronary anomalies occur, interest and ability to research these anomalies is lacking. The issue is that athletes, specifically young healthy athletes, are at large risk of death from coronary anomalies. In fact, anomalies cause 11.8% of deaths in amateur athletes. This has lead to a current increase in research of these anomalies. Coronary anomalies are typically present at birth, but due to their lack of symptoms they are rarely diagnosed. Encompassing a wide spectrum, these anomalies include but are not limited by: separation of the LAD and LC from the valsalva, absent left circumflex, ectopic origin of the RCA, small

Blood vessels start to develop during the embryonic stage and continue through the life span. There are more than 66,000 miles of vessels carrying blood through the body. Blood vessels consist of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The walls of the arteries and veins consist of three separate layers called the tunica externa (adventitia), tunica media, and the tunica intima. As blood vessels decrease in diameter the thickness of the walls also decrease.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is one of the common congenital left to right cardiac defects seen in children. The ductus arteriosus is a large communication pathway that is naturally patent in the fetus, connecting the trunk of the major pulmonary artery to the descending aorta (Shinde, Basantwani, & Tendolkar, 2016). During the fetal life, ductus arteriosus is a normal structure that allows the blood to pass from the right ventricle to the descending aorta by bypassing the pulmonary circulation. The ductus arteriosus is an important structure in the fetal development as it allow the blood flow to the rest of the fetal organ and structure. In fetus pulmonary

It is considered to account for the most deaths during the first week of an infant’s life who suffers from a congenital heart defect (Texas Heart Institute, 2014). In a healthy heart, oxygen-poor blood returns to the heart from the body. The heart receives the blood through the veins and enters the right atrium where it then pushes the blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. From here, the blood moves through the pulmonary valve out of the heart via the pulmonary artery and into the lungs where it receives oxygen to be transported. The blood returns to the heart by the pulmonary veins into the left atrium where it is then passed through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. Oxygen-rich blood is pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aorta valve where it is then sent throughout the body, returning to the right atrium to continue the cycle (American Heart Association,

Researchers believe that several environmental and genetic factors work together and play a role in the development of Sirenomelia. The most popular medical theory suggests that Sirenomelia could be caused by abnormalities in the blood circulating system within the embryo at an early stage of development. Some affected individuals have been found to have a single large artery followed by the absence of the usual two arteries that branch out to lower areas and carry blood to the tail end of the embryo. The single artery that is present, which is referred to as a “steal” vessel due to the fact that it essentially steals blood and nutrients from the lower part of the body, diverts the flow of blood that normally circulates from the aorta to the lower portion of the embryo back up to the placenta instead so the blood and nutrients that are needed never end up reaching the tail end of the embryo. Due to the malnutrition from this lack of blood flow, the fetus fails to develop two separate limbs. (National Organization for Rare Disorders, 2018) There is still much to learn about what causes Sirenomelia since there is so little known about it currently. When experimenting with

Cardiovascular disease, including stroke and sudden cardiac death, is the leading cause of death in the world population, representing 30% of all deaths in 2008 (Wung et al., 2013). Understanding genetic variations related to cardiovascular disease is a tremendous undertaking because common forms of Cardiovascular disease seem to be impacted by many factors, including multiple gene involvement and environmental influence (Wung, 2013). Wung et al. (2013) focused on three areas of cardiovascular disease and reviewed the genetic research that has been done, the findings and the relevance of genetic testing. Wung et a. (2013), report that there is evidence to support coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarctions (MI) having traits that

The left ventricle’s pumping capacity is controlled by the heart’s conduction system which is regulated by the nervous system. This conduction system is a series of electrical impulses that begin in the right atrium with the sinoatrial (SA) node and cause the right and left atria to contract first. This electrical impulse then travel by way of special tissue to the atrioventricular (AV) node, which is located between the atria and the ventricles. At the AV node the electrical impulse pauses very briefly to allow the ventricles to fill with blood. After the pause, the electrical impulse travels through the bundle of his and through right and left bundles that branch into the right and left ventricles respectively. These bundles branch into the Purkinje fibers which are attached to the cells in the walls of the ventricles. The electrical impulses move across the cells on the walls of the ventricles; thus signaling the ventricles to contract with the left

Echocardiography is the initial diagnostic modality for a patient with suspected congenital heart disease. In some patients, however, use of this modality is encumbered by its limited ability to delineate great arteries and intra cardiac anomalies, pulmonary veins, and coronary arteries. (7)

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), one of the more common cardiac defects at birth, is the persistence of an opening between the pulmonary artery and the descending thoracic aorta. This opening is as a result of failure of the physiological fetus ductus arteriosus to close, which normally occurs soon after birth. This hole allows for oxygenated blood from the aorta to mix with oxygen-depleted blood from the pulmonary artery. As a consequence, significant strain is placed on the heart and pressure within the lungs’ arteries is dramatically increased.

Home: Where the Heart Is – An outline and tour of the heart from Franklin Institute.