The Importance Of Chemical Engineering

Tetracycline, synthesized from chlortetracycline, a compound produced by a Streptomyces. It works by binding to the bacterial ribosome and interfering with protein synthesis and is effective against a wide range of Gram positive and negative bacteria, including the Mycoplasma and the bacteria responsible for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and nongonococcal urinary tract infections. (DrugBank)

Chemical Technicians work in labs and factories and are responsible for monitoring chemical processes and testing different chemical products. They do different tasks, such as analyzing data, preparing reports, and presenting their conclusions. They do lab work and perform complicated analyses. Some technicians clean and replace filters. Chemical technicians also set up apparatus for chemical reactions.

Tetracycline (T-10) was only one measured at 18mm in diameter. This zone size falls in the category of Escherichia coli having an intermediate resistancy (Table 1) to the antimicrobial agent. **The only one that had any effect!

Antibiotics were introduced to people in 1929, which could restrain the normal growth of the other bacteria called antimicrobial activity, was found by British scientist Alexander Fleming by coincidence. Then scientists used antibiotics, to cure injured soldiers and got great success during the World War. With the efforts of many scientists in the past half of the century, thousand kinds of antibiotics are found, which could be natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic, and many of them are used in medical field successfully.

Tyrothricin, one of the first antibiotics discovered after penicillin, treated many wounds and helped fight diseases in the body (“Antibiotic” 1). Scientists tested the efficiency of Tyrothricin on open wounds. After twelve days, the Tyrothricin that had been administered to one of the wounds had miraculous results in comparison to the injury without the ointment (Williams 1). Tyrothricin has benefitted many people with flesh wounds particularly soldiers at war. Their accessibility to the drug had increased their bodies productivity in healing the laceration. Moreover, Actinomycete is another example of Penicillin blooming the beginning of all antibiotics. Actinomycete, when tested its capability of eliminating marine alga Phaeocystis globosa, proved to be highly efficient in that after 7 days, marine alga Phaeocystis globosa decreased its toxicity by 60% (Zhang 1). Actinomycetes contribution to society includes drugs like Bestain. When combined with Aminopeptidase, Bestain resists and reduces the size of liver cancer stem cells and also xenograft tumors (Sun 1). Derived from Penicillin, Actinomycetes is the benefactor and savior to the once ravenous diseases that once spread among people by producing many different antibiotics. Eventually, antibiotics created by cephalosporins commenced into society with drugs such as Cefixime, Cephalexin, and Cefuroxime which suppress infections like skin,

Investigators use different techniques to discover and discover new ways to fight disease with molecules that do not exist in nature. This involves developing synthetic versions, or analogs, of naturally occurring compounds.

For the antibiotic test, we found the results of seven antibiotics and their effectiveness against these two bacterium. The following graph will show the diameter for the zone of inhibition for the bacteria and antibiotics. We found the antibiotics Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline were the most effect against the two

Doxycycline, a semi-synthetic derivative of oxytetracycline is a potent antibacterial drug commonly used as doxycycline hyclate (DOX-h) and used for both in humans and animals treatments [8]. The antibacterial mechanism is mainly regarded as time-dependant and DOX-h is a relatively inexpensive antibacterial drug, potent and possesses a broad-spectrum antibacterial action [9]. In this regard, a poloxamer-based matrix was used to produce a long-acting injectable preparation (DOXh-LA) and its serum concentrations vs. time profile was investigated after its s.c. injection to calves. It was found that the DOX-h-LA showed the greatest values for bioavailability (602%); maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of 1.99 lg/mL with a time to reach (Tmax)

A multitude of people experience certain events in their life that causes them to pick a field of study. I, too, had a specific experience that encouraged me to interest in engineering. Computer skilled individuals might wish to major in computer engineering; some experience usage with chemicals, therefore they might prefer a major in chemical engineering. The only difference that places me apart from others is that music influenced me to carry out this decision into engineering.

Today, some of the most commonly used and most important antibiotics in modern medicine are derived from a form of chemical synthesis having to do with constructing polyketide chains. Much like fatty acid synthesis, in this mechanism, polyketides are one-by-one added to the end of the polyketide chain by[modular enzymes in an assembly-line fashion. These polyketides are the intermediates of metabolism, metabolites, in fungi, bacteria, plants, and animals. To put the importance of polyketide chain assembly, some of the most important and commonly used antibiotics in modern medicine, such as Avermectin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin, are synthesized through polyketide chain assembly.

There are numerous way a bacteria can gain resistance to an antimicrobial agent as such through spontaneous mutations specifically by the alteration of the ribosomal target sites. Generally, tetracycline resistance may be mediated by various mechanisms, however, the most common method are the ribosomal protection mechanism. Tetracycline resistance results when this antimicrobial agent failed to bind to its target sites or sites on the ribosome and thus disrupts its ability to halt protein synthesis and cell growth in the bacteria. According to Bennett, Dolin and Blaser (2014), tetracycline resistance has been widely observed in Helicobacter pylori, where this organism possess a mutation in its 16S rRNA that restricts the tetracycline binding

Doxycycline is a second-generation tetracycline. It is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections caused by many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It also has activity against many atypical pathogens, including Rickettsia spp., Coxiella burnetii, Treponema spp., Chlamydia spp., Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Plasmodium spp., Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, Brucella spp., Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Leptospira, Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia recurrentis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Mycobacterium marinum, Entamoeba histolytica and treatment of acne.[1] Moreover, Doxycycline can be used to treat upper respiratory, skin, or soft tissue infections due to susceptible bacteria, gonorrhea and syphilis in penicillin-allergic patients,

Significance of work: Recent advances in the fields of synthetic biology and biochemical engineering have been fundamental in progressing the ability of engineers to sustainably and quickly produce specialty chemicals in bioreactors. Using well-characterized microorganisms to generate commodity chemicals is a scalable and cost-effective method for producing a plethora of complex products that are difficult to synthesize chemically. In fact, the workhorses of biology- enzymes- enable high specificity in biochemical transformations (for example, to isomerize small molecules, or to act on a specific isomer preferentially over a different isomer) that has not yet been possible via chemistry alone. Thus, applying the synthetic biology toolbox

I will be writing Assignment one for professor Burrows, who is teaching Chemical Engineering Lab One. This assignment is required in order to be successful not only in the class, but also for future publications I might want to pursue. I plan on completing the all tasks required at least a couple days before the deadline in order to avoid any difficulties, as well as revisions. I personally, have a tendency to procrastinate on most assignments, because I have always been able to meet deadlines. The reason I am taking such a proactive approach in this class is because I have been warned by many former students to avoid procrastinating at all cost if I desire to do well. While this terrible weakness will play a large role throughout the semester, I also have plenty of strengths, which I will utilize. One such strength is my determination. If I learned anything from my time in the military, it was to be mentally tough until the mission was complete. I find that simply having this mentality is priceless in many different situations as an engineering student.

This is tο certify that Mr. /Ms. ______________________________ (Rοll nο), student οf Chemical Engineering, _____ semester, οf Nirma University, has satisfactοrily cοmpleted the seminar οn POLYMERS USED IN CHEMICAL SENSRS as a partial fulfillment tοwards the degree οf B. Tech. in Chemical Engineering.