The Importance Of Fluctuating Asymmetry

The main similarity between the plant adaptations in these ecosystems is that they grow small because of the lack of nutrients in the soil, the wind and the extreme weather.

Plants are found everywhere on earth, up high on the ridge and down low in caves and caverns. The types of plants that live in these places depends on many factors. These factors are separated into two different categories, the biotic factors and the abiotic factors. Some of the biotic factors include, predation, competition, and habitat destruction. Plants with limited competition and large amounts of resources will be in a higher abundance than plants with limited resources and higher competition rates will be confined to areas and either out competed or will be the dominant species. Certain plants adapt to these factors and thrive and others don’t do as well. Some of the abiotic factors include, sunlight, water, temperature, and wind. These

Vegetation is a key factor in determining the structure of an ecosystem. It determines many ecological parameters within a plant community such as microclimate, energy budged, photosynthesis, water regimes, surface runoff and soil temperature (Tappeiner and Cernusca, 1996). Vegetation of an area varies from place to place according to habitat heterogeneity of the area itself. The description and classification of the plant community in an ecosystem is known as Phytosociology (Braun-Blanquet, 1932; Odum, 1971). It’s an important characteristic in describing vegetation that offers a preliminary picture of the ecological character of the vegetation (Kershaw, 1973). Each site of study

Wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia) are an unbranched perennial plant that are primarily located in middle and eastern areas of North America. Wingstem grow in habitats that receive large amounts of sun and areas that are shaded. Wingstem thrive in areas with moist conditions, and receive periodic rainfall. Based on our knowledge of the chemical processes in plants, the Wingstem located in the sunlit areas will have greater reproduction, resulting in increased flowering rather than those in shaded locations. To test our hypothesis, we collected Wingstem in various habitats (sun and shaded). We then calculated the number of flowers, followed by weighing the total vegetation. The results demonstrate a significant difference between the number

Water is the most abundant resource on the planet and is one that is vital to all living organisms. Plants especially depend greatly on water and contain structures in their body in order to use the water efficiently. Water relations is a research field that deals with investigating how environmental factors affect the plant’s usage of the water (Bot 201L lab manual, 2016). A study was conducted to see how low water in the soil affected the uptake of water in Alfalfa leaves and if it had any effect on the plant’s photosynthesis rate. (Abid et al, 2016). It was found that there was a correlation between the photosynthesis rate and the amount of water the leaves would uptake since the stomata on the alfalfa leaves would remain closed (Abid et al, 2016). Since the stomata would close more

Connections Between the Rainforest's Biotic Factors - Species inside of the rainforest biological community rely on upon one another for survival. Azteca ants, for instance, live on Swollen Thorn Acacia Trees. The trees give the ants sustenance and a spot to live, and the ants shield the tree from predators by battling gatecrashers and keeping different plants from developing around the tree. Rainforest creatures additionally have a tendency to have adjustments that permit them to eat nourishments from plants that different creatures can't eat. Case in point, toucans have expansive, solid mouths that let them eat nuts that different feathered creatures with littler noses can't eat. Natural product trees depend on creatures to eat their leafy

Different habitat and stress conditions can effect the morphological and physiological aspects of leaves of weed species

The aim is to figure out whether the young or old site had changed in density and reproductive performance, or no difference at all. In this study the hypothesis is that there is no significant difference between the mean density between young and old sites (null hypothesis). In this study an estimation of density of the current population and reproductive performance of B. oblongifolia for both the south track young site and the north track old will be

The objective of this experiment was to determine if there were phenotypic differences in Buddlei sp. leaves, in terms of surface area, weight, and thickness, depending on how much light they receive. In all three figures, the error bars overlapped, which suggests that the true means of the population could be the same. Thus, there is not a significant difference between sun and shade leaves regarding surface area, weight, and thickness. Since the data does not support the hypothesis of phenotypic plasticity, the null hypothesis was accepted. Possible explanations for these results could be that the sample size was too small to represent the entire population. Increasing sample size would reduce the standard deviation and standard

“Historical climate modelling predicts patterns of current biodiversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest” is a 2008 paper reported the results of a study using two different models, BIOCLIM and MAXENT, to display the effect of different paleoclimates, a climate of specific period time in the past, on the distribution of the tropical forest of the Atlantic region of Brazil. These predictions were used to identify refuge forest that remained relatively stable despite climate fluctuations. The authors, Ana Carolina Carnaval and Craig Moritz, then used genetic data to look for a correlation between refuge areas and genetic diversity and endemism. This study was intended to describe how the range of the Brazilian Atlantic forest changed

Land is greatly affected by the meat industry. The percentage of U.S. agricultural land used to produce meat is 56%. The strains on land include topsoil erosion and depletion of forested areas. The percentage of U.S topsoil loss directly associated with livestock raising is 85%. In Mexico 37 million acres of forest have been destroyed since 1987 to provide additional grazing land for cattle. The cattle industry is a driving force behind the destruction of the tropical rainforests. Until 1994, in the Amazon the total deforested area was of 450, 000 square Km. The current rate of species extinction due to destruction of tropical rainforest amounts to one thousand per year. Various species of plants live in the tropical rainforest, which can be used for their medicinal properties. These plants need yet to be discovered. We can not afford to risk their extinction.

Five figures and 1 table are correctly labeled and clearly presented in this study. As expected, with the ozone treatment increase, the leaf injury increase and biomass decrease. Through reduction of ethylene and nodule growth at specific time interval or in specific cultivar was detected, further studies on the effects of nodule growth, biomass and N-assimilate ability are needed, because the mechanism behind these effects is also partly unclear.

The Brazilian Pampa is located between latitudes 28º00’ S and 34º00’ S and longitudes 49º30’ W and 58º00’ W, occupying an area of 63% of the Rio Grande do Sul State. The biome lies within the South Temperate Zone and has both subtropical and temperate climates with four well-characterized seasons. Grasslands, with sparse shrub and tree formations, are the dominant vegetation. Because of the natural grasslands, livestock production is one of the main economic activities (Roesch et al., 2009). Despite the ecological and economical importance, the anthropogenic land use in the Pampa biome have been changing the structure of natural plant and animal communities by the introduction of exotic species and conversion of natural areas into agricultural land. It is estimated that half of its original vegetation has been

In previous chapters, students have been exposed to basic processes in life such as photosynthesis, respiration, and evolution. Chapter 35 provides key vocabulary on plant structure and development and introduces basic concepts and processes. This information is critical for understanding higher-order concepts introduced in subsequent chapters.

Our lab investigated the morphological characteristics of leaves found in the sun and shade on various species of maple and oak trees around campus. Our null hypothesis was Acer and Quercus acclimate similarly with regards to SLW (specific leaf weight), size, and sinuosity. Our hypothesis was Quercus acclimation is greater than Acer SLW, size, and sinuosity. We tested these hypotheses by picking small sections of a branches from both maple and oak trees. A group was assigned either a maple or an oak tree, and needed a total of three different trees per group. Once three different trees were chosen, groups needed three shade leaves and three sun leaves of off each different tree. In total, each group should then end up with 18 leaves for testing. After collecting the leaves, we ran them through the LiCor 3100 leaf area meter to identify the area of each leaf. Major results found by the classes’ mutual data was each one of our p-values were greater than .05. This means that we failed to reject the null hypothesis. Thus, the lab results do not support our hypothesis that Quercus acclimation is greater than Acer SLW, size, and sinuosity.