The Importance Of Pharmacist Care At The Management Of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, has become a major risk factor for several types of heart disease across the globe. In the United States alone, nearly 70 million adults have been diagnosed with this condition [1]. Hypertension is a condition in which arterial walls experience extreme force from blood flowing through; long-term force against artery walls will lead to more serious health problems such as stroke, renal failure, and other cardiovascular diseases [2]. If the proper steps to treat hypertension are not taken, patients have a high risk of developing atherosclerosis, a condition that causes arteries to harden significantly. Smoking, obesity, lack of physical activity, high alcohol consumption, and high sodium intake are factors that may cause an individual to be diagnosed with hypertension [3] Detection of hypertension is crucial in order to reduce the incidence of death by cardiovascular disease [1].

According to JNC 8 guidelines, close monitoring is essential when patients start on new hypertensive medication. Therefore, Mr. Hightower will require frequent visits to the clinic to ensure improvement in his health condition. His blood pressure will be monitored at each visit and blood work will be done to monitor his kidney and liver functions and to determine his adherence to treatment. In case of noncompliance, a third category of antihypertensive must be added to improve hypertension outcomes and prevent cardiovascular disease.

American citizens envision a society which all people have access to high quality and affordably priced prescription medications. For many consumers, access to prescription medications is out of their reach. There is no denying prescription medications importance; they are known for being associated with saving people’s lives, maintaining people’s health, and improving the lifestyles for consumers.

The appearance of Dr. Miles Channing’s and David Riley’s Blood Pressure Protocol is opportune if you consider the soaring number of people today clinically diagnosed as overweight or obese. People are also starting to realize the link between high blood pressure, health issues, and lifestyle. And, people with high blood pressure begin to look for alternative solutions to the disease because of the experienced side effects of pharmacological and behavioral treatments.

The APRNs could use the information from this review in educating their patients. These healthcare professionals could brightly influence their patients’ beliefs and perceptions about their CVD risk factors. Their impact could lead to the formulation of an effective plan of care and implementation of nursing interventions to diminish CVD risks. The emphasis of this paper is on CVD risk prevention. In this regard, this review could positively influence the nursing practice by potentially reducing the cost secondary to the CVD-related hospitalization. This could possibly create a cost-effective healthcare that could be more accessible to everyone. In this case, the health care disparity gap particularly involving the vulnerable populations could

Managed Anticoagulation Care (MAC) will target geriatric patients with heart disease who are on anticoagulants. This project will be successful by upholding our vision through providing reliable services, cost effectiveness, accessibility and bilingual staff members to serve the Hispanic community. The primary focus of MAC is to provide a focused and personalized treatment and education of the heart and vascular diseases. Though all patients are welcome to this clinic, however our two target populations will be Hispanic and elderly (65 years and older) population. According to the Texas Department of State Health Services, the leading cause of death in Texas is the heart disease, accounted for 23.5%. It is very essential to start this clinic to provide the best patient care, improve the quality of life, and decrease emergency visits by anticoagulation patients.

The concern on whether anti-hypertensive’s should be withheld in patients who are hypertensive has been debatable in the recent past. Generally, the treatment of hypertension among hospitalized patients is basically an opportunity to enhance the recognition and treatment of blood pressure (Axon, Nietert & Egan, 2011, p.246). This is mainly because hypertension is a basic risk factor for heart diseases, stroke, and death whose impact is widespread to nearly 70 million adults in America. There have been numerous educational initiatives and publication of treatment processes to address this condition in the past few decades. Despite these measures, nearly 39 million Americans are at risk of hypertension because they have not reached their desired or optimal blood pressure.

The major health problem selected for this project was hypertension (Harrison et al, 2011). It is identified as a cardio vascular disease risk factor such as dementia, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke (NICE, 2011). It can be missed easily, as in various instances it is asymptomatic as well as it is also known as a silent killer. The Hypertension is thought to be a disease of vascular regulation ensuing from arterial pressure control mechanisms malfunction (extracellular fluid volume, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and CNS) that results in elevation of BP by means of enhanced peripheral vascular resistance, and cardiac output. There are 2 basic hypertension types. Around 90 to 95 percent of the individuals have primary hypertension which is linked with change in lifestyle as well as needs medical treatment. On the other hand, 5-10% has secondary hypertension which is linked with various other diseases for instance pregnancy, thyroid, and renal (Haslam and James, 2005). It is estimated that around 1 in 20 adults will have increased BP of 160/100 mmHg and above that results in either more than one predisposing aspects (Gemmell et al, 2006).

Modern medical advancements have significantly decreased the prevalence and severity of infectious disease as well as the treatment of acute, traumatic conditions. Pharmacological research has also gained insight into the management of chronic disease. Still, there is an epidemic of chronic, treatable diseases like stroke, heart disease, and kidney disease. Hypertension proves to be the underlying factor associated with these diseases. Hypertension is often referred to as the silent killer because of its indication in deadly disease, and the importance of monitoring ones blood pressure is vital. Lifestyle, diet, and genetic predisposition are all factors of high blood pressure. Chronic high blood pressure above safe levels, known as hypertension, puts elevated physical stress on the renal and cardiovascular systems. By controlling this factor in patients, healthcare providers can decrease cardiovascular events, improve health outcomes, and decrease overall mortality. Patient education is often overlooked in its role in the control and prevention of high blood pressure. This paper analyzes the causes and physiology behind high blood pressure as they relate to the current nursing interventions. The role of nurses is discussed in relation to patient education regarding high blood pressure, and educational approaches are analyzed.

Hypertension is widely considered to be one of the most important risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (angina, arrhythmia, etc.). It is the second leading disease that causes mortality in the world. Hypertension is the condition when there is an increase in the force of blood on the walls of vessels. It can also be defined as an arterial blood pressure that is raised above 140/90 mm Hg (systolic/ diastolic BP). Hypertension can be classified into Secondary hypertension and Essential hypertension. When specific cause is evident but heredity, and various physiological parameters play a role in increasing blood pressure is known as Essential Hypertension. Secondary Hypertension is one where the cause is known. According to WHO guidelines between 2006 and 2015, deaths due to cardiovascular diseases are expected to increase by 17% while the deaths from infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, maternal and prenatal conditions are projected to decline by 3%. The main causes of hypertension includes the age ,hereditary, gender, extra weight, alcohol consumption, stress life, lazy life etc.

Participants included 242 healthy, unmedicated adults (males=X) with pre-hypertension (SBP of 120-¬139 or DBP of 80¬-89, consistent across 3 clinic assessments) as measured by JNC7 criteria. Individuals were discluded if they smoke, if their BP fell outside of these ranges, as higher BP should be treated with appropriate antihypertensive medication when possible, or if the individual was morbidly obese (BMI = 40), as that status necessitates further medical care.

Hypertension is one of the leading risks for heart disease and stroke. Your physician may advise dietary or lifestyle changes, or specific medications to lower your blood pressure.

High blood pressure has been a big problem in the United States. According to the Mayo Clinic “High blood pressure is a common condition in which the long-term force of the blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems, such as heart disease” (Mayo Clinic Staffe, 2016). For a long time doctors did not know that blood pressure was causing the different health problems. Doctors thought that high blood pressure was “considered a consequence of disease rather than its cause” (Riegelman & Kirkwood, 2015). Since doctors now realize that high blood is a cause of major diseases they have been working on pin pointing the blood pressure that everyone should try to achieve. The Framingham Heart Study concluded

The two major types of hypertension are primary and secondary. Primary hypertension accounts for more than 90% of all cases and has no known cause, although it is hypothesized that genetic factors, hormonal changes, and the altercations in sympathetic tone all may play a role in its development. Secondary hypertension develops as a consequence of an underlying disease or condition. The prevention and treatment of hypertension is a major public health issue. When blood pressure is controlled, cardiovascular, renal disease, and stroke may be prevented. The JCN, reported more than 122 million individuals in American are overweight or obese, consume large amounts of dietary sodium and alcohol, and do not eat adequate amounts of fruits and vegetables; less than 20% exercise regularly. Both modifiable and non-modifiable factors play a role in the development of hypertension

Approximately one in every three adult’s ages 20 years old and older are diagnosed with high blood pressure or hypertension. Hypertension affects 78 million people in the United States and is equally prevalent in both men and woman (Crabtree et al., 2013). Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (Hajjar & Kotchen, 2003). It can lead to stroke, myocardial infarction, renal failure, heart failure, neurological issues, and death if not detected early and not treated properly (James, Oparil, Carter, & et al., 2014). Approximately 9.4 million deaths in 2010 were attributed to high blood pressure (Angell, De Cock, & Frieden, 2015). About 54% of strokes, 47% of coronary heart disease, and 25 % of other cardiovascular diseases are attributed to high blood pressure (Arima, Barzi, & Chalmers, 2011).