The Importance Of Public Security

“Community policing is, in essence, a collaboration between the police and the community that identifies and solves community problems” (U.S. Department of Justice, 1994, p. vii). Throughout the years, community policing has become a more popular strategy to help law enforcement officials control and deter crime; however, some areas across the United States has had problems in the past with communities and law enforcement working together to ensure a secure and safe environment. Although it is an officer’s duty to maintain order, keep the peace, and solve problems within the area he or she

In cities and towns across the country, tragic deaths of citizens in confrontations with police have have spiked a wave of distrust for law enforcement. The bad perception for law enforcement is unfair to the officer’s who are dedicated, and mean well in their duties, yet unfortunately, it has created tension between law enforcement agencies and the communities they serve. Due to the recent deaths and confrontations, reform proposals and new policies have been a national conversation to implement new initiatives to strengthen the bonds between law enforcement officers and the communities they serve. Although, confrontations between law enforcement and citizens in the community have spiked, the concept of community policing is not new. Throughout the years the philosophy of community policing has been to

It was activists from the wealthy and poor blocks that organized to reduce crime. These tenant activists involved city agencies and lending organizers to work to create a better a community (Snyder, 2015). The residences formed a relationship with their local police to implement social control that worked this its environment. They identified the need for formal social control as informal social control activism was not enough. The community began to bridge the gap between policy and the neighborhood. Through community activism, Washington Heights continued to see a decline in crime and the start of gentrification. Today, Washington Heights has one of the lowest crime rates in New York City and the borough of Manhattan (NYC Police, 2017). The community’s relationship with the New York City Police Department is not perfect. Areas that are predominantly people of color or lower socioeconomic status do face barriers in working with police. However, this is not an isolated issue as most of the country, especially people of color, have a negative relationship with police members. It seems to be a systemic problem within the police and how social control should be enforced. Washington Heights is an example of how communities and law enforcement can come together to change a neighborhood.

Urban centers throughout the United States of America and the world have experienced violence within the inner city communities. Many of the inner city communities are low-income and are poverty stricken. The spread of gang membership within the communities has influenced many young adolescents. Activities such as drug dealing, theft, assaults, and murders drive law enforcement to prevent crime. The justice system is also being changed due to the increase in minor violence. One of the reasons is due to people being part of minority groups. The charges pushed by the judicial

Public policing and private security have several distinct differences in their essential policies. The essential policies for public policing are hierarchically organized; there are many official and formal levels of public agencies positions. Civil service examinations are the means of choosing only the most qualified personnel based on merit, the government gives the policies to public policing to execute. Again, the treatments of citizens using government services are to be fair and just and Public affairs focus is given to the management of public agencies and organizations. In addition, public service-oriented profit is not a motive they serve the public and publicly funded tax revenues fund these public administrations.

There have been a number of changes within the legal and criminal justice system in the last 3-4 decades. History remembers, for example, the Kent State and Chicago Democratic Convention riots in 1968, and since then, a number of criminologists and political scientists have been asked about the use of force, rights-based policing, community involvement, and crime prevention (Russell 2005). The Red Cross and Amnesty International, for instance, have endorsed a rights-based policing model. This idea tempers all police activity with the basic tenet of human rights and rights under the Constitution. Central to this argument is the nature of the relationship between the community and the Criminal Justice System. Local law enforcement bond with community members to implement the day-to-day needs of that community. The idea centers around a basic philosophical tenet: use less force, communicate more, pay attention to human rights, and work to dialog and prevent, not to punish and incarcerate (Williamson 2008).

This basis of legitimacy is partly due to shared factors contextualized by authorities and institutions that play a critical role in identifying risk factors linked to youth offending. Part of this involves linking violence, with sociological constructs (e.g., personality characteristics, neighbourhood characteristics, immigrant concentration). For instance, Papachristos, Meares, & Fagan (2012) propose that young people from neighborhoods saturated with criminal associates and opportunities for gang-related activities and drug trafficking, more likely to become young offenders. The perceived legitimacy of the risk factors, in turn, increases public compliance with legal authorities—the belief that behavior of young people needs to come into line with societal norms, values, and rules. As a consequence, police supported by the public, legitimately use heir authority to indiscriminately target civilians to fight crime and disorder in the community.

Individuals in poverty stricken communities are more likely to embark on a criminal path than those in wealthier communities due to the lack of opportunities presented to them. Poor communities are usually composed of single parent households with low levels of education. The need for money and closing doors presented to them when applying for jobs lead many to turn to a life of crime. A life of crime where money is obtained by selling drugs, theft, and fraud. As more of those homes emerge, communities are left divided. While some rise up to the challenge to combat crime, others ignore the situation. Many law enforcement agencies benefit from the social control created by crime. Some police officers are given arrest quotas to meet. Social control provides a justification for the large number of arrests. Justifications vary from keeping the streets crime free to holding the individual accountable for their crime. As crime rates increase, law enforcement is seen by society as a necessity thus keeping them

As we look around us this learner can see how the past, present and future has given our society so many questions about other individuals racial inequality and race has affect us in one way or another, and the best example for this would be 9/11. It made us afraid and fear a certain culture based on the ground shaking history it left behind. Cultures that before we may not have paid them any mind, but know are a focus point for the public safety field as well as everyday life. This learner hope to address some questions in regards to if this learner beliefs changed about other race and cultures, and its significance to public safety in America. If this learner found any particular impact that on developing ideas in regards to

Specifically, this paper will discuss how properly executed social programs implemented at community levels can positively impact specific crime rates by reducing the amount of strain experienced by members of criminal gangs and youths at risk of joining criminal gangs. Strain Theory Classic Strain Theory suggests that crime is the result of strain experienced by individuals who are unable to achieve culturally recognized goals, such as monetary success or middle-class status through legitimate means (Cullen & Agnew, 2011). As a

The focus of this theory is on the association between social control, the neighborhood structure, and crime (Kubrin & Weitzer, 2003). Social disorganization is the incapability of the community to solve significant problems and achieve common goals. The theory posits that residential mobility, poverty, ethnic heterogeneity, and weak social networks decrease the ability of the neighborhood to manage the behavior of people and hence the likelihood of crime is increased (Kubrin & Weitzer, 2003). Therefore, the social and physical environments of neighborhoods can increase the chances robbery. Factors such as unemployment, vandalized buildings, and poverty can thus be used to explain the occurrence of robbery. When the robbery rates have increased in a neighborhood, an examination of the social and physical environment can yield answers to robbery patterns.

Recent incidents of police brutality have brought up critical discussions on policing and law enforcement across the country. The nation seems to have come into a consensus about police reforms, and find an alternative way to fight crimes while assuring the safety of the public . At a time where unarmed black teenagers are being gunned down by police officers who were there to protect, and police departments are more militarized than ever; one wonders about the legitimacy of the police system that is in place. The mistrust of the public on police, and the costly militarization of police are the results of “aggressive” policing approach that has been practiced for years. An alternative way of policing, community policing, has been recommended and put in place in some parts of the country. Community policing mainly focuses on preventing crimes by working first hand with communities and change the dynamic of power by having communities actively engaged to work for their safety. Community policing is not a new method, it has been discussed by scholars since the late 1980’s and is now getting more attention than ever with recent protests on police brutality. Unlike standard policing, community policing is economically efficient, and has proven to be effective in reducing crimes.

Collective Efficacy may in fact be a bigger reason behind crime rates even over Race or Ethnicity. The willingness to act as a community and maintain social order can be a crucial step to improving the social support of your neighbors. For example, in communities or neighborhoods where collective efficacy is high, there are types of situations where your nearby residents can be counted on in times of need. These types could be looking after children for a short period of time, preventing children from committing devious acts, and an overall improvement in the conditions of the neighborhood (Sampson and Raudenbush 1997).

Thesis Statement: “Citizens of this country should value the national security more than their privacy since it is concerned with a much larger group of people in order to protect our country from invaders, to maintain the survival of our country and to prevent airing of criticism of government.”

Security is a central concern in the study of international relations (IR). Yet despite being the focus of considerable scrutiny, few agreed conceptions of security exist (Buzan, 1991; Huysmans, 2006; Terriff et al., 1991; McSweeney, 1999; Morgan, 1992; Croft 2012; Smith 2000). Buzan even goes as far to posit that the very conception of security is “essentially contested” and thus poses an unsolvable debate (Buzan, People, states and fear; Little, ideology and change, p35). These disagreements have created rifts in the security community over what can be threatened and indeed what can even be considered a threat. Part of the complexity to the subject is derived from the numerous opposing and often contradicting theoretical perspectives within international relations itself, of which security is a sub-field (Terrif et al. 1991 – Security studies today). This paper thereby seeks to trace the various theoretical strands of security studies with the hope of elucidating how and why Islam, and Muslims immigrants have been increasingly portrayed as a threat and ‘Otherised’ in Britain.