The Importance Of S. Aureus Infection

Some germs that commonly live on the skin and in the nose are called staphylococcus or "staph" bacteria. Usually staph bacteria don't cause any harm. However, sometimes they get inside the body through a break in the skin and cause an infection. These infections are usually treated with antibiotics. When common antibiotics don't kill the staph bacteria, it means the bacteria have become resistant to those antibiotics. This type of staph is called MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus).

Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections, it can cause serious infections such as bloodstream infection, pneumonia or bone infections. Though it can cause infections it is part of the normal human flora it is mostly found on the skin or in nasal cavities. It is a facultative anaerobic gram positive cocci, it is usually in pairs or clusters. The bacterium is also catalase positive, oxidase

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccal bacterium which is estimated to have colonised 20-30% of the human population.1,2,3 S. aureus is normally found in the anterior nares and mucous membranes of these individuals. For the majority, this is not a problem as these people are colonised, not infected.2,3 However S. aureus is an opportunistic pathogen and if it contaminates a breach in the skin or mucous membranes, it can go on to infect any tissue in the body.3 Infection may lead to serious life threatening diseases such as pneumonia.4 Over time strains of S. aureus were able to develop resistance to antibiotics, resulting in strains known as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

MRSA is a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that stands for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus (Staph) Aureus. Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive coccal bacterium that is commonly found in the nose and on the surface of the epidermis of healthy patients, which act as a part of the normal flora, whereas, MRSA can commonly be found on the surface of the skin near the mouth, genitalia and the rectum. (MRSA symptoms, n.d.). MRSA is a specific strain of staph that over time has mutated to become resistant to most antibiotics. MRSA is referred to as being methicillin resistant because that antibiotic, methicillin is the primary antibiotic that is used to treat most strains of Staph aureus and unfortunately this particular strain of Staph, MRSA, is unaffected by its typical antibiotic treatment. MRSA is most commonly acquired nosocomial infection, or more commonly known as a hospital acquired infection. Though it is not as likely, there is a slight possibility of becoming infected with MRSA

Staphylococcus Aureus is a gram-positive bacterium that is most commonly responsible for causing staph infections.

MRSA is a type of staph bacteria, and stands for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Many antibiotics that usually treat staph infections are not effective in treating MRSA, as MRSA is resistant to antibiotics. Beta-lactams are the class MRSA is resistant to, and includes: penicillin, methicillin, and amoxicillin, to name a few. MRSA is a gram-positive bacterium, and on a gram stain, MRSA looks like a group of grapes.

In 1961, soon after the introduction of methicillin, the first β-lactamase-resistant penicillin, strains of Staphylococcus aureus that were resistant to methicillin were identified in the United Kingdom. From the 1960s into the early 1970s, MRSA infections in Europe were limited largely to hospital outbreaks caused predominantly by S. aureus phage type 83A (subsequently identified to be sequence type 250; this so-called “archaic clone” gradually became infrequent and was replaced in the 1970s and 1980s by five prevalent clonal lineages, although many MRSA backgrounds existed between the 1960s and 2000. The terms Community-Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) and hospital acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) have been used to call attention both to the genotypic differences of certain MRSA isolates as well as to the epidemiological and clinical features of the

Staphylococcus aureus is bacteria species characterized by its golden color and round shape (Lowy, 1998). The bacteria can cause small skin infections or severe infections in vital organs. Infections are most common in the hospital setting. S. aureus has developed resistance to antibiotics in the form of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which displays strong virulent factors and exemplifies the need for novel medications to treat bacterial infections. Current research has examined several options for potential drug treatments as well as vaccine development. Advances in genetic sequencing techniques may help to characterize S. aureus strains to better understand outbreaks and transmission of the bacteria. The impact of S. aureus on human health inspires future research on treatments, especially for antibiotic resistance strains.

E, 2010). The difference between staphylococcus aureus and methicillin- resistant staphylococcus aureus is, that S. aureus is a common skin infection carried on the nose or skin and often treated with antibiotics. MRSA is a type of skin infection that is resistant to antibiotics, making it more difficult to treat (Gould. I.M., 2007).

MRSA is acronym that stands for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus in an addition it can be called the superbug, it is a type of bacterial infections that is unaffected by a wide range of used antibiotics. This will make it very challenging to treat the kill off the dangerous bacteria in the body. The bacteria is found living on individual’s skin plus inside for example in nostrils and throat. MRSA is not that common for people in the general public it unusually founded in individual living in hospital wards and care homes where. People in care homes will attract the bacteria for the reason that elderly

Staphylococcus Aureus, commonly known as “Staph”, is present on most of the population on our skin and in our nostrils and throat. It can live on even the healthiest, cleanliest individuals. The staph bacteria do not cause harm until there is an open area or break in the human’s main defense system, the skin. Once the bacteria enter the wound, an infection may occur.

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive, cluster forming bacterium which shows positive results in catalase and nitrate reduction tests. It is considered as a harmful pathogen for human and animal beings and has resistance to many classes of antimicrobial agents. The most important example is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the first clinical isolate, reported at the end of 1960, within a year after the introduction of methicillin (Jevons et al., 1963). Afterwards, it has been frequently disseminated throughout the world and reported serious hospital associated infections in 1970s.Several MRSA clones have emerged in past four decades, but major hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA)clones identified in five accepted clonal lineages by population genetic studies. Genotypes within these lineages have developed resistance to all known antibiotics. Besides, some significant risk factors, like surgery, recent hospitalization and antimicrobial treatment have potential roles in HA-MRSA infection in patients.

Staphylococcus aureus is a significant bacterial pathogen, able of infecting most of the tissue in the human body (1). These diseases include deep abscesses, endocarditis, and necrotizing pneumonia (3). This pathogen often appears by autoinfection with populations carried on the skin and its ability to infect and constantly evolve makes it both a dangerous and formidable pathogen. The mechanisms whereby bacteria achieve persistence have been a constant field of study. In the case of S. aureus, there are mutant strains linked to chronic, recurrent, and antibiotic-resistant infections which are referred as small colony variants (SCVs) (3). In 1995, it was reported for the first time a linkage between S. aureus SCVs and persistent infection. (4)

The bacterium is normally present on the skin, nose, and pharynx of mammals (Mandal 2015). The bacterium is capable of affecting all known mammalian species (Mandal 2015). S. aureus’ optimal temperature for growth is between 30-37°C; however, it can grow at a minimum temperature of 10°C, and a maximum temperature of 45°C (Todar 2012). It can grow in either an aerobic or anaerobic environment (Herriman 2015). It is considered a normal flora bacterium and is found in places such as the nares, the armpit, perineum, skin fold, and the vagina (Herriman 2015). S. aureus is small and coccus shaped (Mandal 2015). The bacterium is mostly found in clusters, due to the way it multiplies and divides (Herriman 2015). There are no appendages located on the bacteria (Mandal 2015). Infections can be obtained after an injury or a surgery (Mandal 2015). S. aureus can cause skin infections, such as pimples and impetigo, boils, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome and abscesses, which can lead to lung infection or pneumonia, meningitis, and or endocarditis (Mandal 2015). Life threatening infections include blood infections or Toxic Shock Syndrome, bacteremia, and septicemia (Mandal 2015). S. aureus produces certain enterotoxins, which cannot be killed by cooking and can cause food poisoning (Herriman 2015). The

Consumers who purchase their meat and poultry from U.S. grocery stores are at risk for Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus, also known as S. aureus can lead to diseases if not handled with caution. Unfortunately, “47 percent of the meat and poultry” were exposed to S. aureus (Translational Genomics). After performing DNA testing, the Translational Genomics Research Institute discovered that the major source of S. aureus originated from food animals injected with antibiotics. “52 percent” of the S. aureus in meat and poultry were “resistant to three classes of antibiotics” (Translational Genomics). To resolve the problem, scientists’ must pinpoint the “effect antibiotics have in food-animal production” (Translational Genomics). Additionally,