The Importance Of Social Stress

Socio-economic class or socio-economic status (SES) may refer to mixture of various factors such as poverty, occupation and environment. It is a way of measuring the standard and quality of life of individuals and families in society using social and economic factors that affect health and wellbeing ( Giddens and Sutton, 2013). Cockerham (2007 p75) argues: ‘Social class or socioeconomic status (SES) is the strongest predictor of health, disease causation and longevity in medical sociology.’ Research in the 1990s, (Drever and Whitehead, 1997) found out that people in higher SES are generally healthier, and live longer than those in lower SES.

Stress can come from anything we do in our daily lives, even if it is a positive or negative change. To measure the amount of stress a single event can cause two men named Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe came up with the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Over time this scale has been modified to accommodated for

Social class helps to deter the reasons for individual’s health and ill health. Social classes also help with understanding health and ill health, this is done through the basis of individuals lifestyle class, for example the lower class who work in the worst

Psycho-social stress can be anything psychological or social that causes us to feel upset. We can be “stressed out” because of our job, or because of school, or because we are poor. We define what we react to and how much time and energy we spend reacting to it. There are some people who have very difficult lives, who do not experience stress in the same way others do (Myers, 2014). Sapolsky set out to discover what psycho-social factors could be indicators about who is more likely to experience a stress response. Sopolskys research with primates with similar social structures to humans, revealed that there are several

Different researches do believe that there is a link between social class and health. It is a statistical impression and also it has been argued that there isn’t really a pattern in social class, age and peoples employment that has had an impact on people’s health inequalities.

It is well documented that lower socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with worse health among adults(Adler, Boyce, Chesney, Folkman, & Syme, n.d.) and adolescents.(Finkelstein, Kubzansky, & Goodman, 2006; Goodman, 1999; Starfield B, Riley AW, Witt WP, Robertson, 2002) Objective measures of SES such as level of education, income, and occupation are the most common methodology used in health literature to describe socioeconomic-based health disparities.(Shavers VL, 2007) However, subjective social status (SSS) is also a relevant predictor of health, independent of SES. (Adler NE, Epel ES, Castellazzo G, & Ickovics, 2000; Aneshensel CS, Sucoff, 1996) Indeed, there is a small but growing body of literature about people’s perceptions of

Social/interpersonal stressors are characterized as the challenges associated with having to recreate family and social support, changing gender and family roles, and intergenerational conflicts between children and parents (Arbona et al, 2010).

This essay will discuss ways in which a person’s socioeconomic class and his/her social situation can have an impact on his/her health, using examples. We believe that there is a direct link between socioeconomic/social class and health (Adler et al. 1994). I will be defining the key terms: socioeconomic and health, social class then proceed to discuss about how poverty, income, employability, environment and housing can impact on a person’s social situation and their health.

This article investigated the impact of perceived social stressors on job and career satisfaction. Additionally, the researchers sought to find out if political skills could attenuate the negative effects of social stressors. The purpose of

To what extent does our "programmed" physiological responses to stressors affect our behavior and health? Explain. Reflecting on the material from this course, do you believe these responses are adaptable? Why or why not? How might this position influence your intended research?

There is empirical validity to the hierarchy and stress approach; Marmot et al. (1991) explore the relationship between social hierarchy and health the seminal Whitehall civil servant study. Marmot et al. (1991) found that those who held higher occupational prestige had better health outcomes and lower risk of mortality than peers in lower occupational strata. One explanation was that those in lower social strata experienced greater daily stress than their peers (Marmot, 2004). This has been extended beyond occupational hierarchies; experiencing racism—the result of a social hierarchy patterned around race/ethnicity—has been linked to poorer health outcomes for racial/ethnic minorities (Gee, 2002; Jackson et al., 1995; Karlsen & Nazroo, 2002; Paradies, 2006). The literature confirms that occupying lower social strata and experiencing high levels of stress is deleterious for health (Aneshensel, 1992; Barr, 2008; Karasek et al., 1988; Meyer, 2003), promoting the core tenant of fundamental cause theory: social conditions cause health outcomes.

Data from different Council Districts in Louisville suggests socioeconomic factors play a role in health too. Trends across the districts show a direct relationship between education levels, income, and life expectancies, i.e. as income increases, so does life expectancy. Additionally, life expectancies are lower for minorities relative to their Caucasian counterparts (Unnatural Causes, 2008). Being higher on the social class pyramid allows for greater control over one’s life. Individuals have greater freedom in planning their own schedule, receive less orders from others at work, and overall experience less stress. When people have little say in their lives, their bodies release the stress hormone cortisol to help them handle difficult situations. Momentary bursts of cortisol are normal and healthy for people, but prolonged exposure poses a serious hazard to health. People with low levels of income and education are limited in resources which makes it difficult to leave undesirable neighborhoods and improve their lives. They have little hope of

I was delighted to receive encouragement to resubmit this proposal and am extremely grateful to the five reviewers for their insightful comments. I was gratified to read Reviewer 5’s comment that “the proposed activities are creative, original and potentially transformative,” and Reviewer 1’s comments that “this research may lead to theoretical advances in the understanding of stigma more broadly” and that I am “an expert in this field and well-suited to carry out the proposed research.” Although space limitations preclude me from detailing how I addressed every individual comment, here I will summarize the major changes to guide the Panel’s review.

Health problems that are labeled as social problems, affects the physical, mental health, and impact communities and society as a whole. Socioeconomic statue is based on a person’s position in society and the level of educational attainment, occupation, and household income. A person level of education, income and occupation has a great influenced on one’s health and the mean to have a good health insurance. In the United States, low socioeconomic status is associated with lower life expectancy a prevalence of health problems and higher incidents. Poverty and the lack of college education were associated with higher mortality (Kindig & Cheng 2013). In the United States, rates of overweight and obesity are higher among people living in poverty because high-calories processed food (fast food) are more affordable than fresh vegetable, fruits, lean meat or fish. Member of the lower class are subjected to the most stress and have the fewest resources to cope with it (Cockerham 2007). Stress has been linked to a serious psychological distress in adults living below the poverty line. A variety of physical and mental health problems, chronic fatigue, substance abuse, high blood pressure and cancer are also linked to stress. Poor U. S. adults ages 45 to 64 are five times more likely to experience depression(24 percent) as adults whose family income is 400 percent or more of the poverty level (National Center for Health Statistics 2012). Higher education means better health.

“Population health is defined as the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group (Kindig, n.d.). “ These groups are frequently viewed as geographic populations for example; countries, societies, or communities. There can be additional groups that can fall under population health such as staffs, ethnic groups, disabled individuals, criminals, or any other distinguished group. The health results and outcomes of each group are of significance or importance in the private (citizen) and public sectors (Kindig). Population health can be determined by lifespan, infant death, mortality rates, disabilities, quality of life and individual’s contentment and well-being. The factors that have the greatest influence on one’s health and well-being are normally, established in the public’s economic and societal relationships. Medical care and one’s actions appear to be less significant than social factors. Research that was performed in the United States and other nations revealed that the level of hierarchy in a society seems to be one of the most significant influences involving the health of a certain population. The larger the separation amongst those that are at the highest and those on the lower end in a population, the more critical its health seems to be. Here in the United States, people purchase mainly the items that they need so, we are able to utilize income distribution to evaluate the difference amongst the