The Importance Of Sustainable Development Goals

Health has been influenced by many factors such as poor health status, disease risk factors, and limited access to healthcare. All these factors are due to social, economic and environmental disadvantages. According to the World Organization (WHO) (2015), “the social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities, which is the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries”

“Health is a state of complete physical, mental, spiritual and social wellbeing, and not just the absence of disease” (WHO, 1974). Health inequalities are the differences in health or healthcare opportunities in different societies this may be due to income,

All people across the globe are entitled to the health attention they require. The World Health Organization has identified five elements to achieve this goal. These include reducing social disparities in health, providing services that meet clients’ expectations, altering public policies to address health, leadership reforms and increasing stakeholder participation (WHO, 2013).

Health and social justice have continued to be a major problem that affects the way people live and chance of illness, and consequent risk of premature death. The recent report from the World Health Organization shows that health disparities have continued to persist within and among countries and different regions of the world. For example, infectious diseases and undernutrition are common in poor and developing countries (WHO, 2018). The gap is even much worse between the rural and urban dwellers because of the economic differences and availability of healthcare services. Although some of the developed nations have attempted

Sustainable Development Goal Twelve’s targets can be evaluated by their potential measurability, however, key terms in the target wording lack quantifiable definitions making measurement difficult. For example, target 12.2 refers to the “sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources” (emphasis added) (UN DESA, 2015). While sustainability conceptually encapsulates meeting the needs of today without compromising the needs of tomorrow, in practical application, quantifying any population’s need for natural resources is very difficult (GEOG 200, Sept 17, Slide 17/18). Though efficiency is easier to quantify – the fraction of useful work done out of total energy supplied – measuring the efficient use of natural resources is a

In United States, researchers have developed many programs to overcome healthcare barriers. However, some leader priorized the cost over the health of their residents. According to researchers, expanding Medicaid is one of the solutions to reduce healthcare inequality. The difference is remarkable in the states that accepted to expand Medicaid. Others researches found that to reduce social inequality in health, leaders must begin by doing action to improve health for the most disadvantaged groups. Researchers think that world leader have to focus on factor that influence public health such: living conditions, environments, products and lifestyles. 1 participation and influence in society 2 economic and social security 3 secure and favorable conditions during childhood and adolescence 4 healthier working life 5 healthy and safe environments and products 6 health and medical care that more actively promotes good health 7 effective protection against communicable diseases safe sexuality and good reproductive health 9 increased physical activity 10 good eating habits and safe food 11 reduced use of tobacco and

As a high-income society, the United States when comparing the health care statistics to others world-wide is one of the most blessed nations in the world, but many people who struggle to pay for their health care find that our health care system has many weaknesses that effect the overall quality of care and their personal well-being. Health is defined by the World Health Organization as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being” (Macionis 236). There are many degrees of both physical and mental health and most people fall short of complete health and find themselves in need of medical care. One indicator that is used to measure a society’s overall health is the infant mortality rate, which is “the number of babies who die before their first birthday out of every thousand babies born” (Macionis 236). As expected, America’s infant mortality rates are low especially when coming comparing the rates to countries that are known to have economic hardships. Another means to measure the overall health well-being of a society is by determining the life expectancy at birth or the number of years that a person is expected to live in a given society. High-income nation’s life-expectancy rates are higher and most people can live long lives without serious health conditions until later in life. Low-income nations unfortunately can have much lower life expectancies. The economy and livelihood of a

Health inequality is one of the social inequalities that may cost the lives of people unless backed by corrective policies. Universal health care is one of those tools by which we correct disparities in health care utilization and insure the health of the fellow citizens. World health Organization (WHO) defined Universal health care, also universal health coverage as “a specific type of health care coverage of all people regardless of their income, age, race pre-existing illness, gender or wealth”. In other terms, it is ensuring health care utilization of all legal residents (World Health Organization, 2013).

Healthy lives, Healthy people (DH, 2010a) outline how public health challenges are to be tackled; including recognising lifestyle driven health problems (Chan & Woo, 2010). The DH policies aim to improve the public health of the population, consequently the DH recognises the issues can be related to health inequalities (Dahlgren & Whitehead, 2007). The wealthier population live longer than the poor (Karlsson, Nilsson, Lyttkens & Leeson, 2010). Healthy Lives, Healthy People state people in the poorest areas die on average 7 years earlier than those living in the richer areas and spend up to 17 more years living with ill health (DH, 2010a). Consequently, it is paramount that inequalities in health are reduced as a result each person has access to the same care (DH, 2016a). Our Health and Wellbeing today (DH, 2010b) accompanies the white paper Healthy lives, Healthy people (DH, 2010a). Our Health and Wellbeing today (DH, 2010b) utilise an extensive approach to looking at health and wellbeing, identifying that health is not just about the existence of disease or illness, but how a person’s general health is (Patton et al, 2012). People are living longer than ever before which means the success in improving in addition to building on public health raises further challenges (DH,

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are global initiatives in which countries all over the world are entitled towards achieving. Out of the 17 SDGs, Sustainable goal number 5 takes about the achievement of gender equality (Kumar & Vivekadhish, 2016). Gender issues have always been experienced ever since the beginning of man. Women do not have the same rights and opportunities as men in society and this why this goal number 5 was developed. Egypt, a North African country, has yet to fully attain this SDG. The following study will discuss some of the challenges in which Egypt as a nation is facing towards the achievement of this goal. The paper will also outline some solutions in which Egypt has adapted and solutions that can be used to achieve this goal. Gender should be perceived on a spectrum, not as two opposing sets of ideals.

Health consequences are the result of accumulation of inequalities over the life course (Hofrichter, 2003). It has been argued, the more egalitarian a country is, the healthier the population, and key to a healthy population is the organization of material conditions in everyday life. These conditions are referred to as the social determinants of health, and include such things as levels of employment, standard of living, education, economic development, racism and workplace conditions to name a few (Hofrichter, 2003). It is these social determinants of health which in turn perpetuate health inequalities. Yet there are social gradients in health as who gets these resources is socially determined (Marmot, 2005), and problems of the social gradient are more prevalent in unequal countries as health tends to improve the higher the socio-economic status and those who are less well-off and socially excluded find their health status deteriorating as they fair badly in relation to social determinants (Farrell et al., 2008). These health inequalities are systematic and therefore, are not randomly distributed, they are socially produced, and they are not a product of biological processes (Farrell et al., 2008). Thus, the average wellbeing is not dependent on national income and economic growth, but yet “differences between – and within –

Both the terms health inequality and equity are tied to each other. One of the significant similarity is that health inequalities serve as a metric (unit) to measure health equity (Braveman, 2014). For example, there should not have to be any differences between genders when accessing health care in a country without any cultural barriers and improper governance. Significantly, health inequality causes health equity and

health at all levels, from individuals to society to worldwide policy and supporting and encouraging it to be higher on personal and public

World health Organization (WHO) defines health policy as the decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society. Health policies defines all the health care priorities, and establish a system of well-planned interventions to achieve better health outcomes. Governments with adequate policy capacity have ‘the ability to develop policy that is aligned with resources in pursuit of goals’ (Greer, Wismar and Figueras 2016: 39). Health policies always designed to targets specific diseases, to control certain determinant of health, or to generally provide a healthy life-style

Goal 14 of the Sustainable Development Goals aims to “Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.” ("Open Working Group Proposal for Sustainable Development Goals.”) Under this main goal lies seven sub goals, of which some are more measurable than others. All goals can be measured with a quantifiable unit, although some measurements may be harder to interpret than others. Goal 14.1 logically proves to be measurable, as marine pollution is a material measure. Target 14.2, to “sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems” can be interpreted and measured in various ways, whether it means to protect certain species by calculating the population, or protect habitats and certain